The response of vegetation to past global warming, as revealed by geological records, can provide insights into future changes. We used pollen records to reconstruct spatial changes in the boundary between steppe and forest/forest-steppe for the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), mid-Holocene, Last Interglacial (LIG), and mid-Pliocene, representing major changes in global temperature. The results showed that in the region east of 110 degrees E, the trend of the boundary between steppe and forest/forest-steppe rotated anticlockwise by around 30 degrees, 5 degrees and 10 degrees, during the warm periods of the mid-Holocene, LIG, and mid-Pliocene, relative to the LGM, mid-Holocene, and LIG, respectively. However, in the region west of 110 degrees E, the boundary remained stationary during the mid-Holocene compared with the LGM, while it shifted northward during the LIG relative to the mid-Holocene, and it shifted southward during the mid-Pliocene relative to the LIG. Overall, our results indicate an enhanced east-west climatic contrast in northern China under past global warming. Climate simulation results showed that the warming-induced northward shift and westward extension of the western Pacific subtropical high promoted the northwestward displacement of the East-Asian monsoon rainfall belt. This suggests that in the future, under a warmer climate, the eastern region of northern China will become wetter, and that the extent of sandy desert will decrease.

来源平台：QUATERNARY SCIENCE REVIEWS