【英文摘要】From the comparison of temperature reconstruction and GCM simulation results, temporal characteristics, amplitude, periodicity and forcing mechanism of temperature variations in China during the last 2000 years are revealed. We present tree ring-width records from south Tibet and southeast Tibet of the southern Tibetan Plateau (TP) which span from 1612-1998 AD and from 1380-1998 AD respectively, which are close to the highest tree positions found on the TP and worldwide. Based on these chronologies, temperature variation and its cause are clarified for the last 600 years. It is corroborated that ice-core oxygen isotopes derived from the Tibetan Plateau are a good indicator of temperature change at timescales ranging from annual to centennial. Climate variations in arid western China during historical times are studied and clarified. We present a 550-year ice-core pollen record with a 5-year resolution from the Puruogangri ice field in the central Tibetan Plateau. This proxy series is the first high-resolution ice-core pollen record spanning the last 550 years for the central Tibetan Plateau.Together with δ18O and glacial accumulation records, the response of vegetation to climate change over the past 500 years was revealed.Desert vegetation dominated during 1450-1640 AD, a time period characterized by cold-wet climate, while steppe vegetation expanded during 1640-1915 when warm-dry climate prevailed. Afterwards, during a cold and humid period, desert vegetation expanded again.We established a chronology of monsoonal temperate glacier fluctuations in China during the last two millennia, and reveal decadal to centennial glacial fluctuations. Three main periods of glacier advances are identified: around 200-600 AD, 800-1150 AD, and 1400-1920 AD.Dust storm events and their relation to climate changes in Northern China during the past 1000 years were analyzed by using different paleoclimate archives such as ice cores, tree rings, and historical documents. The results show that in the semiarid region, the temperature and precipitation series were significantly negatively correlated to the dust storm frequency on a decadal timescale.It is found that the thermal conditions in the Himalayas and on the Tibetan Plateau and associated glacial boundary conditions may have been predominantly responsible for variations of the ASM intensity and for a latitudinal movement in the mean position of the ITCZ on decadal to centennial timescales.