【英文摘要】Taking the Tianshan,Tarim basin in Xinjiang as a case, the project investigated the impacts of climate change and anthropogenic activities on the evolution of the water cycle and adaptation measures.Key results include: (1) Successive and high-frequency precipitation sampling of eastern Tianshan shows that three processes (air mass adiabatic expansion, convective precipitation and evaporation) control the evolution of precipitation isotopes. (2) In the last 40 years, the river runoff has increased by 10% since 1996. A modified model-HySis for hydrograph separation by using an integrated non-linear inequalitiy equations and multi-endmember mixing as as a water balance constrained by hydrological and water chemistry data. A case study of Urumqi catchment, eastern Tianshan, shows that the inputs to the total runoff from precipitation, snow and ice melt and groundwater are 56-64%,5% and 31-39%, respectively. (3) Based on piedmont water cycle studies, groundwater reservoir-modernized Karez is proposed to increase flood water use and groundwater storage. The construction of groundwater reservoir near G314 National Highway would accelerate the rate of groundwater circulation upper stream and enhance infiltration from floods to groundwater, which can then be used for irrigation. (4) Study on the relation between groundwater recharge and vegetation in the middle Tarim River shows that the modern recharge is limited and is crucial for growth of vegetation. The construction of embankment on the Tarim River appears to have reduced groundwater recharge, causing the water table to drop and ecosystem to degenerate.The results are relevant to prediction, sustainable use of water resources and ecosystem protection.