Holocene environmental changes consist of natural variability and human activities. In the context of the current global warming, the human-nature relationship becomes a hot topic in the global change researches due to worldwide concerns for our environment deterioration. The middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River in China is an ideal area to investigate the human-nature relationship because it is located in the typical Asian monsoon realm sensitive to climate change and it is a key place where Neolithic rice cultures originated and developed. This study use well- dated fine lake sediments from Lake Dongting, Lake Poyang, etc. for high-resolution pollen, phytolith, and charcoal analyses in order to reconstruct and interpret vegetation history, fire regime and climate changes. Furthermore, we focus on the two centers of Neolithic rice-dominated cultures, that is, Liyang Plain in Human Pronvince and Puyang River drainage in Zhejiang Pronvince,to make pollen, phytolich and charcoal analyses for representative and less-disturbed archaeological profiles. Key indicators of human impact will be used to discuss anthropogenic influence on vegetation and environment. Emphasis will be laid on to reveal the detailed process of human activities and to discern the different response of vegetation disturbance and environment change to changing rice practices from the slash-and-burn to plough cultivation. We will make comparison of environment variation in its relation to rice agricultures to discuss the spatial-temporal changes of the human-nature relationship in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and their driving mechanisms. Our research will contribute to understanding the prehistoric human-nature relationship and to predicating the future environment change in the study area.