【英文摘要】Today the ostracod fauna is still relatively poorly known in many areas of China. More than 2000 samples were collected from every province in China and 73 ostracods were found in this study, and among them non-marine species belong to 3 orders, 4 families, 17 genera. The traditional taxonomic means was used to 145 species including the collected and recorded species, and 79 valid species were systematically classified and they were including in 3 suborders, 3 superfamilies, 7 families,46 genera, and their keys and checklist was got, and their detailed description and figures were provided, and the classification system of recent non-marine ostracods from China was established. In addition, 28 morphological characters and 18S rDNA sequences of the 9 main ostracod groups were respectively analyzed by the maximum parsimony method to construct a consensus phylogenetic tree. This provided new evidence for solving the unstable higher classification of living ostracods. The results indicated that punciidaen ostracods formed the subclass ‘Punciocopa’, with the same status as Podocopa and Myodocopa. The classification status of halocypridian ostracods was determined to be amphibolous because its topology was different on two phylogenetic trees. Among the three subclasses suggested in the study, Podocopa included the suborders Cypridocopina, Cytherocopina, Bairdiocopina, Darwinulocopina and the family Cytherellidae; Myodocopa consisted of at least two orders, Cladocopida and Myodocopida; and Punciocopa had only one family, Punciidae. The analysis of ostraods has been successfully applied to identifying changes in lacustrine palaeohydrology and reconstructing palaeoclimatology and has increased significantly over the past few years (Zhang et al., 2009). The related research was carried in this study, and the results could provide valuable information to the research of environmental changes.