Ecological system in arid land showed the strong vulnerability under the influences of human activities. Comprehensive evaluations of the historical process under the current state of social economic development have great significances for protection the ecological safety and maintenance of sustainable development in arid area of society. In the course of anthropogenic influences on natural ecosystem, heavy metal pollution has become the focus of attention, due to the important ecological dangers of strong interference on environmental security. The Tianshan Mountains are the typical geomorphic system and one of most principal regions in Xinjiang. In this application, in order to track the historical process of heavy metal pollution and its influences factors of the Tianshan Mountains region, lacustrine sediments from two typical lakes, Bosten Lake in Tianshan Southern Slope Industrial Zone and Ebinur Lake in Tianshan Northern Slope Economic Zone of Xinjiang, China. The sequential extraction method will be used to gain the concentrations of sediment-bond heavy metals in six fraction, i.e., soluble, exchangeable, bond to carbonates, bound to Fe-Mn oxides, bond to organic matter and the residual. With the 210Pb and 137Cs dating, the historical process of heavy metals in different chemical fractious of sediments will be conducted. With the comparison of environmental proxies from lake records and the concentrations of sediment-bond heavy metals in different fraction, the influencing factors for heavy metal pollution in Tianshan Mountain regions will be revealed. With the establishing a source apportionment model, the proportions from different source regions of heavy metals in lake sediment will be quantitatively calculated. Finally, the mechanism of heavy metal pollution will be illustrated under the disturbance of nature and human influence, which will help to provide a scientific basis for evolution the current state of social and economic development and the future trend of ecological environment change in the future context.