Based on the construction of regional aquifer system model and analysis on problems of water resources exploitation, discharge of different sections will be measured regularly along upstream of Urumuqi river; groundwater flow system will be measurd in three dimensions with high frequency in the regions highly impacted by surface water; regional evaporation will be studied quantativly based on remote sensing and isotopic methods. Then the key phases of the exchange process of surface water and groundwater in Urumuqi River Basin will be researched through the above studies. By systematically analyzing the changes of water environment, river infiltration, groundwater discharge and groundwater flow field during the exploitation of water resources, the coupled surface water-groundwater numerical model calibrated with multi-source information will be established. The processes of recharge from mountainous areas and the changes of water environment, interaction between surface water and groundwater, groundwater flow field, salt accumulation and the responses of ecoystem which are driven by the exploitation of water resources in the past 50 years will be reproduced. The relations, mechanisms and controlling factors of those processes will be revealed. In the end, the results from this research project will provide basis for studies on joint control of regional surface water and groundwater, optimized allocation of water resources, and ecological environment construction.