Soil is the material basis for supporting the life of human. Organism is a major component of soil vitality which drive earth’s biogeochemical cycles and can maintain the interactions of overground and undergroundlife in terrestrial ecosystems. In recent years, The rapid development of metagenomic and situ microscopic characterization technologies bring us with unprecedented opportunities to gain insights into soil microbial communities. Developing the new technology of soil biological research, studying the soil microbial composition and structure in the typical ecosystems, resolving the microbial regulation mechanism of biogeochemical cycles of soil key elements, revealing the interaction mechanisim of soil overground and underground ecosyestms, forming the networking research technology system of soil biosystem function and regulation, these will be able to achieve great breakthroughs of studying the function and regulation of soil biosystem and totally update the regulatory ability of sustainable usage and the cognitive level of soil biological resources in China.