The shape of particles significantly influences their mechanical properties, making accurate shape modeling crucial in numerical simulations. This paper proposes a framework for generating particles by applying improved spherical harmonic reconstructions to convex hull surfaces. The framework integrates mesh refinement tech- niques to enhance mesh resolution, enabling the generation of finer surface details than 3D laser scanning. Three parameters are introduced: Delta K1, which controls roundness; Delta K2, which governs roughness; and Rd, which represents the boundary between roundness and roughness in spherical harmonic reconstructions. Introducing these parameters not only allows independent control over the three levels of shape (form, roundness, and roughness) but also enhances the flexibility of the method, enabling the generation of various particle shapes. Granular assemblies with varying roundness and roughness distributions are generated and applied in discrete element method (DEM) simulations of triaxial shear. The results show that roundness is negatively correlated with the peak friction angle, while roughness is positively correlated. The proposed method enhances the ability to generate complex particle shapes, offering a practical tool for modeling and simulating granular materials.
