The development of real-time early warning systems is crucial for mitigating landslide risks. Although internet coverage is extensive in urban areas, it often fails to reach remote locations such as mountainous regions. The low-power wide area (LPWA) communication network offers a viable alternative for transmitting data from landslide early warning system (LEWS) sensors to a central server. To develop an accurate and reliable LEWS, it is essential to establish appropriate thresholds for warning triggers. This study conducted a series of laboratory experiments on slope models, both with and without vertical cracks. The models were subjected to varying rainfall intensities to investigate the mechanisms of slope failure. The objective of this paper was to evaluate a cost-effective and sustainable LEWS based on internet of things using the Internet (WiFi) and LPWA for data transmission, and to monitor slope vulnerability. During the experiments, volumetric water content, pore water pressure, and tilt angle were measured. Thresholds for critical volumetric water content, pore water pressure rate, and tilt rate were proposed to define warning stages. The results contribute to enhancing the advancement of early warning systems, which are crucial for mitigating the risks associated with landslides.

来源平台：INDIAN GEOTECHNICAL JOURNAL