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Highlights What are the main findings? Permafrost in the Muri area responded to human disturbance without significant spatial expansion during 2000-2024. The semi-arid climate, rough terrain, thin root zone and gappy vertical structure underneath were the major factors. What are the implications of the main findings? Annual ALT estimated from 2000 to 2024 filled the data gap of high-resolution ALT in the Muri area. Knowledge was provided for a better understanding of alpine permafrost development.Highlights What are the main findings? Permafrost in the Muri area responded to human disturbance without significant spatial expansion during 2000-2024. The semi-arid climate, rough terrain, thin root zone and gappy vertical structure underneath were the major factors. What are the implications of the main findings? Annual ALT estimated from 2000 to 2024 filled the data gap of high-resolution ALT in the Muri area. Knowledge was provided for a better understanding of alpine permafrost development.Abstract Alpine permafrost plays a vital role in regional hydrology and ecology. Alpine permafrost is highly sensitive to climate change and human disturbance. The Muri area, which is located in the headwaters of the Datong River, northeast of the Tibetan Plateau, has undergone decadal mining, and the permafrost stability there has attracted substantial concerns. In order to decipher how and to what extent the permafrost in the Muri area has responded to the decadal mining in the context of climate change, daily MODIS land surface temperatures (LSTs) acquired during 2000-2024 were downscaled to 30 m x 30 m. The active layer thickness (ALT)-ground thaw index (DDT) coefficient was derived from in situ ALT measurements. An annual ALT of 30 m x 30 m spatial resolution was subsequently estimated from the downscaled LST for the Muri area using the Stefan equation. Validation of the LST and ALT showed that the root of mean squared error (RMSE) and the mean absolute error (MAE) of the downscaled LST were 3.64 degrees C and -0.1 degrees C, respectively. The RMSE and MAE of the ALT estimated in this study were 0.5 m and -0.25 m, respectively. Spatiotemporal analysis of the downscaled LST and ALT found that (1) during 2000-2024, the downscaled LST and estimated ALT delineated the spatial extent and time of human disturbance to permafrost in the Muri area; (2) human disturbance (i.e., mining and replantation) caused ALT increase without significant spatial expansion; and (3) the semi-arid climate, rough terrain, thin root zone and gappy vertical structure beneath were the major controlling factors of ALT variations. ALT, estimated in this study with a high resolution and accuracy, filled the data gaps of this kind for the Muri area. The ALT variations depicted in this study provide references for understanding alpine permafrost evolution in other areas that have been subject to human disturbance and climate change.

来源平台：REMOTE SENSING