Specific leaf area (SLA, leaf area per unit dry mass) is a key canopy structural characteristic, a measure of photosynthetic capacity, and an important input into many terrestrial process models. Although many studies have examined SLA variation, relatively few data exist from high latitude, climate-sensitive permafrost regions. We measured SLA and soil and topographic properties across a boreal forest permafrost transition, in which dominant tree species changed as permafrost deepened from 54 to >150 cm over 75 m hillslope transects in Caribou-Poker Creeks Research Watershed, Alaska. We characterized both linear and threshold relationships between topographic and edaphic variables and SLA and developed a conceptual model of these relationships. We found that the depth of the soil active layer above permafrost was significantly and positively correlated with SLA for both coniferous and deciduous boreal tree species. Intraspecific SLA variation was associated with a fivefold increase in net primary production, suggesting that changes in active layer depth due to permafrost thaw could strongly influence ecosystem productivity. While this is an exploratory study to begin understanding SLA variation in a non-contiguous permafrost system, our results indicate the need for more extensive evaluation across larger spatial domains. These empirical relationships and associated uncertainty can be incorporated into ecosystem models that use dynamic traits, improving our ability to predict ecosystem-level carbon cycling responses to ongoing climate change.

寒区铁路隧道呈两端出露的管道型建筑物,由于气压、自然风及列车活塞风的影响,隧道内温度受洞外环境温度影响明显,表现为当寒暖变化、冻融交替时,出现因结构渗漏水造成的拱墙挂冰和隧底积冰,以及因冻胀性围岩或结构背后存在空洞积水冻胀作用导致衬砌开裂等病害,已成为困扰寒区隧道运营的主要难题。因此,抗防冻技术是寒区铁路隧道的关键技术。围绕寒区特点,对隧道抗防冻设计、施工和运维的技术特点进行系统论述,为隧道抗防冻工程的规范化提供借鉴。

针对冰川提取存在云阴影、山体阴影、结冰湖泊等同物异谱、同谱异物导致难以有效区分的问题,设计了一种用于冰川提取的上下文感知深度学习语义分割网络。首先引入resnet50作为基准编码网络,以实现冰川特征提取的精度和效率平衡,其次针对现有语义分割网络存在上下文信息学习不足方面,设计了包括空洞卷积组块和最大池化组块的上下文信息提取层,以便更好地提取冰川的上下文信息。选择多景样本数据和验证数据的多源遥感影像进行试验,与现有基于特征指数的冰川提取方法、其他深度学习语义分割网络方法进行定性和定量对比,结果表明本文网络方法在结冰湖面等误提取,阴影的漏提取,以及提取结果完整性等方面,具有较好的效果,验证了本文方法的有效性与稳健性。

针对高寒地区隧道混凝土抗冻性等性-能的要求,采用实验的方式制备符合高寒地区隧道的混凝土,并将制备的混凝土结合温控技术应用到白拉山隧道二衬施工中。最后通过实践表明,本文制备的混凝土结合温控技术,能够满足高寒地区隧道施工中对抗冻融的要求,具有一定的工程实践的价值。

Recent studies examine the potential for large urban fires ignited in a hypothetical nuclear exchange of one hundred 15 kt weapons between India and Pakistan to alter the climate (e.g., Mills et al., 2014, , and Reisner et al., 2018, ). In this study, the global climate forcing and response is predicted by combining two atmospheric models, which together span the micro-scale to global scale processes involved. Individual fire plumes are modeled using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, and the climate response is predicted by injecting the WRF-simulated black carbon (BC) emissions into the Energy Exascale Earth System Model (E3SM) atmosphere model Version 1 (EAMv1). Consistent with previous studies, the radiative forcing depends on smoke quantity and injection height, examined here as functions of fuel loading and atmospheric conditions. If the fuel burned is 1 g cm(-2), BC is quickly removed from the troposphere, causing no global mean climate forcing. If the fuel burned is 16 g cm(-2) and 100 such fires occurred simultaneously with characteristics similar to historical large urban firestorms, BC reaches the stratosphere, reducing solar radiation and causing cooling at the Earth's surface. Uncertainties in smoke composition and aerosol representation cause large uncertainties in the magnitude of the radiative forcing and cooling. The approximately 4 yr duration of the radiative forcing is shorter than the 8 to 15 yr that has previously been simulated. Uncertainties point to the need for further development of potential nuclear exchange scenarios, quantification of fuel loading, and improved understanding of fire propagation and aerosol modeling.

为了探讨高寒冰缘区的藓类植物在超微水平的抗寒机制,该文对一号冰川下不同基质两种藓类植物水中土生的金黄银藓(Anomobryum auratum)和岩面土生的刺叶墙藓(Tortula desertorum)在常温、超低温胁迫和经胁迫后的恢复状态的超微结构进行对比。结果表明:室温下藓类植物叶肉细胞结构完整、清晰。-80℃超低温胁迫处理后叶肉细胞的超微结构的变化为两种藓类植物叶肉细胞大多数未出现质壁分离,但会出现质壁结构模糊,细胞质收缩;细胞器遭到破坏甚至解体的情况;淀粉粒、脂滴和液泡数量大大增加。在室温恢复过程中,线粒体数量增加,各个细胞器结构比超低温胁迫状态下完整性增加。根据该文的亚显微结构的分析推测这些变化是为了适应细胞迅速恢复生理功能,-80℃超低温胁迫没有完全使藓类植物丧失生理功能,还可以进行恢复。岩面土生刺叶蔷藓的叶细胞胞壁厚度为1 100～1 300 nm,大于水中土生金黄银藓的叶细胞胞壁厚度(200～700 nm),刺叶墙藓叶细胞胞壁比金黄银藓更厚,分析推断刺叶墙藓细胞器的抗胁迫能力也更强。综上结果表明:一号冰川的这两种藓类植物抗寒能力极强,它们独特的抗寒机制不仅与超微结构下...

The vadose zone is a zone sensitive to environmental changes and exerts a crucial control in ecosystem functioning and even more so in cold regions considering the rapid change in seasonally frozen ground under climate warming. While the way in representing the underlying physical process of the vadose zone differs among models, the effect of such differences on ecosystem functioning and its ecohydrological response to freeze-thaw cycles are seldom reported. Here, the detailed vadose zone process model STEM-MUS (Simultaneous Transfer of Energy, Mass and Momentum in Unsaturated Soil) was coupled with the ecohydrological model Tethys-Chloris (T&C) to investigate the role of influential physical processes during freeze-thaw cycles. The physical representation is increased from using T&C coupling without S 1EMMUS enabling the simultaneous mass and energy transfer in the soil system (liquid, vapor, ice) - and with explicit consideration of the impact of soil ice content on energy and water transfer properties - to using T&C coupling with it. We tested model performance with the aid of a comprehensive observation dataset collected at a typical meadow ecosystem on the Tibetan Plateau. Results indicated that (i) explicitly considering the frozen soil process significantly improved the soil moisture/temperature profile simulations and facilitated our understanding of the water transfer processes within the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum; (ii) the difference among various representations of vadose zone physics have an impact on the vegetation dynamics mainly at the beginning of the growing season; and (iii) models with different vadose zone physics can predict similar interannual vegetation dynamics, as well as energy, water, and carbon exchanges, at the land surface. This research highlights the important role of vadose zone physics for ecosystem functioning in cold regions and can support the development and application of future Earth system models.