Worldwide, it has been recorded extensively that plants are subjected to severe abiotic and biotic stressors. The scientific research community has widely reported that multi-abiotic stressors cause horticultural crop losses, accounting for at least 50 to 70% of the crop yield and quality losses. Therefore, this review focused on the detrimental effects caused by abiotic stress factors occurring in single-, combined- and multi-cell stresses on horticultural plants worldwide, along with the best production systems practices for mitigation during and post-single and combined abiotic or multi-stress damages. A conclusion and recommendation could be reached using the pool of research material, which constituted research articles, reviews, book chapters, thesis, research short communications and industrial short communications from at least twenty-five years ago. Findings showed that some of the leading abiotic stresses are single- and combined abiotic stressors like water deficit, salinity, soil pH, phosphate deficiency, wounding, soil density and pot size. Established commercial and smallholder farmers are globally adapting to plant growth regulators and biostimulants as part of their production systems. However, as much as the effectiveness of biostimulants containing humic acids, algal extracts, plant growth-promoting microorganisms and phytohormones has been reported to promote plant development under multi-stress, only a few studies are focusing on organic phytohormone-based biostimulants on horticultural crops grown under adverse multi stress factoring. In conclusion, the review recommends alternative solutions for emerging South African farmers and growers who cannot afford agricultural insurance options and energy alternatives on the common single
利用国际上常用的8个冰川均衡调整（GIA）模型分别对利用卫星重力（GRACE）数据解算的2005～2014年全球质量变化趋势进行GIA改正。在对南极地区进行改正时发现,ICE-6GC、ICE-6GD和IJ05这3种模型的改正值相近;在对全球海水质量变化趋势进行改正时发现,不同改正模型对全球海水质量变化影响的均值都小于-2.0 mm/a;对比陆地水及冰盖对海水质量变化趋势的贡献,同时联合卫星测高和Argo温盐数据集进一步验证发现,Paulson07、GW13和ICE-6GD模型对全球海水质量改正效果较好。综合整个陆地和海洋的分析结果来看,ICE-6GD模型更适用于全球质量变化趋势的调整。
利用国际上常用的8个冰川均衡调整（GIA）模型分别对利用卫星重力（GRACE）数据解算的2005～2014年全球质量变化趋势进行GIA改正。在对南极地区进行改正时发现,ICE-6GC、ICE-6GD和IJ05这3种模型的改正值相近;在对全球海水质量变化趋势进行改正时发现,不同改正模型对全球海水质量变化影响的均值都小于-2.0 mm/a;对比陆地水及冰盖对海水质量变化趋势的贡献,同时联合卫星测高和Argo温盐数据集进一步验证发现,Paulson07、GW13和ICE-6GD模型对全球海水质量改正效果较好。综合整个陆地和海洋的分析结果来看,ICE-6GD模型更适用于全球质量变化趋势的调整。
利用国际上常用的8个冰川均衡调整（GIA）模型分别对利用卫星重力（GRACE）数据解算的2005～2014年全球质量变化趋势进行GIA改正。在对南极地区进行改正时发现,ICE-6GC、ICE-6GD和IJ05这3种模型的改正值相近;在对全球海水质量变化趋势进行改正时发现,不同改正模型对全球海水质量变化影响的均值都小于-2.0 mm/a;对比陆地水及冰盖对海水质量变化趋势的贡献,同时联合卫星测高和Argo温盐数据集进一步验证发现,Paulson07、GW13和ICE-6GD模型对全球海水质量改正效果较好。综合整个陆地和海洋的分析结果来看,ICE-6GD模型更适用于全球质量变化趋势的调整。