Landslides, which are a type of process-based geological hazard, exhibit stagewise characteristics that serve as important guidance for the prevention and mitigation of slope engineering disasters. The cross-correlation and randomness of soil parameters can influence the evolution of landslide characteristics. This paper, based on the spatial variability of slope soil parameters, combines copula theory and the material point method (MPM) to establish a Monte Carlo-random material point method considering the cross-correlation of soil parameters. This resulting method is called copula-RMPM. It investigates the probability distributions of slope instability and landslide large deformation characteristics, such as sliding distance, landslide thickness, collapse range, and volume of sliding mass. The results indicated that in the study of soil parameter characteristics, failure probability increases with increased correlation coefficient. Also, failure probability showed a positive correlation with the variability coefficient of cohesion and internal friction angle, with failure probability being more sensitive to the variability coefficient of the internal friction angle. The landslide large deformation characteristics generally follow the normal distribution; they exhibit significant fluctuations in sliding distance and sliding mass area despite the relatively small variability coefficient. Compared with the results of random field simulation of soil parameters, the probability of landslide large deformation characteristics obtained by deterministic soil parameters is often lower. Therefore, the probability distribution of landslide large deformation characteristics obtained by the Monte Carlo-random material point method considering the cross-correlation of soil parameters is more meaningful for engineering guidance.

Introduction: Mining in Colombia has long been one of the economic activities carried out by the population, both illegally and artisanally; moreover, this practice has spread to companies seeking to exploit these soil resources in our territories. However, the consequences of both practices raise alarms in nearby communities due to their damage to human health. Objective: The main objective of this work is to make the general public aware of the current situation of the Nechi River. This study employs a descriptive and qualitative approach to make visible the current situation of the Nechi River, affected by the indiscriminate use of harmful chemicals such as mercury and others, due to illegal mining practices. This approach allows for a detailed understanding of the environmental and health impacts on the communities surrounding the river. Reflection: The results indicated that the Nechi River is indeed undergoing an ecocide that has it on the brink of extinction. Conclusions: All the aforementioned obliges the State authorities to act and prevent catastrophic results in the future, using legal tools such as invoking the inter comunis effect, which would allow, by extension, the recognition of rights to the Nechi River.

Based on the mutation theory, the paper studies the stability of loess slope, and discusses the loess slope in Yili region in Xinjiang. From the perspective of mechanics, the paper focuses on the influence of mutation phenomenon on the stability of loess slope, and deeply analyzes the mechanical mechanism in the mutation process. As an effective tool to study the phenomenon of discontinuous change, mutation theory has important applications in the stability analysis of loess slopes. By applying the mutation theory, the mutation characteristics of the loess slope in the Xinjiang Yili area were analyzed. In terms of mechanical mechanism, the stress distribution, deformation characteristics and the instability mode are discussed in detail. Through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation, it is found that when the slope stress reaches a certain critical value, mutation will occur, leading in a sharp decline of slope stability. Specific data show that in a typical loess slope in Yili area, when the stress reaches about 0.6 MPa, the slope changes, and the displacement instantly increases to more than twice the original, indicating that the slope has been in a state of instability. In the case study of loess slope in Yili, Xinjiang, the slope stability is comprehensively evaluated by combining field investigation to monitoring data and indoor test. By identifying and analyzing the mutation characteristics of the slope, it is found that there are widespread subsidence and disintegration problems in this area, which play a key role in the mutation process. The specific data show that the subsidence coefficient of the loess slope in Yili area is generally above 0.05, and the disintegration rate is more than 0.5% per hour. These factors jointly aggravate the mutation risk of the slope. Based on the above data analysis, the paper puts forward targeted disaster prevention and mitigation measures, including strengthening slope drainage, using appropriate reinforcement technology, etc. These measures aim to reduce the risk of mutation and improve the stability of the loess slope.