Concrete pavements in saline soil environments of cold regions are not only subjected to vehicle loads but also severely impacted by freeze-thaw cycles (FTC) and composite salts, resulting in durability issues that shorten their designed service life. This paper induced fatigue damage in concrete based on the fatigue cycles derived from the residual strain method. It investigated the variations in the physical and mechanical properties of fatigue-damaged concrete during 100 cycles of FTC and chloride-sulfate attack, revealing the deterioration mechanisms through NMR, XRD, and SEM analysis. Utilizing the GBR algorithm, the prediction model for damage layer thickness were developed. The results showed that, due to physical crystallization, salt freeze-thaw damage, expansion of ionic attack products, and fatigue loading damage, Friedel's salt and ettringite were initially the primary products formed. Subsequently, gypsum emerged, and ultimately Friedel's salt underwent decomposition. After 10 attack cycles, the porosity and the proportion of macropores and capillary pores continued to increase, resulting in a rapid decrease in mass, dynamic elastic modulus, and flexural strength, accompanied by an increase in damage layer thickness. As fatigue damage degree increased, the pore structure degraded, thereby amplifying these changes in macroscopic properties. Incorporating basalt fibers into concrete could enhance its resistance to degradation, with the optimal dosages being 0.15 % and 0.10 %. The GBR-based model of damage layer thickness demonstrated a high degree consistency with experimental data, resulting in a correlation index of R2 = 0.989. This study lays the foundation for assessing the durability of pavement concrete in salt-freezing environments.