Identifying and understanding the response of tree species to climate variability and drought events is a key challenge in addressing climate change in the Andean ecosystems of southern South America. This study aims to: (1) determine the main temporal patterns of radial growth of three Nothofagus species (N. pumilio, N. dombeyi, and N. alpina) on the northwest slope of the Choshuenco volcano, around 40 degrees S, (2) examine the relationship between radial growth and environmental variables, as well as climatic forcings, and (3) evaluate the resilience of these species across an altitudinal gradient in the Valdivian Andes. The chronologies of the three Nothofagus species were assessed using principal component analysis, correlation analysis between the chronologies and environmental variables, and resilience analysis for drought years. The Nothofagus chronologies reveal an increased common signal in radial tree growth since the 1980s. At the beginning of the growing season (November) all chronologies exhibit a negative relation with precipitation and some chronologies positive relations with mean air temperature and the 0 degrees C isotherm height. These findings suggest that the persistence of snow cover during spring may be crucial for the onset of the tree growth. Previous year hydroclimate appears to have an important role favoring tree growth, with most chronologies exhibiting positive relations with summer soil moisture, and circulation patterns forced by the Antarctic oscillation that favors wet mild and summers. The response to drought varies among species, with N. alpina notably exhibiting high resistance, recovery and resilience, likely due to its location near the southern limit of its distribution. Integrating analyses of temporal growth patterns, growth-environment variables relationships, and drought resilience enhances understanding of how Nothofagus species have responded to climatic variability in recent decades in the Valdivian Andes forests.

Ethiopia's vulnerability to climate change is exacerbated by high poverty rates, rapid population growth, increasing prevalence of vector-borne diseases, and heavy reliance on rain-fed agriculture. This narrative review aims to compile existing data on the impacts of climate extremes on the physical environment, public health, and livelihoods in Ethiopia, thereby highlighting the significance of this region for such a study. Data were sourced from peer-reviewed journal articles from databases like PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, as well as reports and other unpublished documents. Results show that Ethiopia is facing increasing frequency, severity, duration, and timing of climate-related extreme events. Key challenges include environmental degradation, reduced crop yields, recurring floods, droughts, famines, increased heat waves, and spread of infectious diseases. Average daily rainfall is projected to decrease from 2.04 mm (1961-1990) to 1.97 mm (2070-2099), indicating a worsening climate trend. Moreover, the average annual temperature has risen by 1.3 degrees C since 1960, at a rate of 0.28 degrees C per decade. Flood records indicate a sharp rise, with 274 flood incidents recorded in 2020, causing extensive damage, including an annual soil loss of 1 billion tons in the Ethiopian highlands, reducing land productivity by 2.2% annually. Droughts from 1964 to 2023 affected 96.5 million people, reduced GDP by 4%, decreased agricultural output by 12%, and increased inflation rates by 15%. The regions of Afar, Somali, Gambella, and Benshangul Gumuz exhibit extreme vulnerability to health impacts due to rising temperatures. Addressing climate extremes is critical to mitigate their adverse effects on Ethiopia's environment, public health, and livelihoods.

Ground temperature's sensitivity to climate change has garnered attention. This study aimed to monitor and analyze temporal trends and estimate Active Layer Thickness from a monitoring point at Fildes Peninsula, King George Island, in Antarctica. Quality control and consistency analysis were performed on the data. Methods such as serial autocorrelation, Mann-Kendall, Sen-Slope, Pettitt, and regression analysis tests were applied. Spearman's correlation examined the relationship between air temperature and ground depths. The active layer thickness was estimated using the maximum monthly temperature, and the permafrost lower limit used the minimum monthly temperature. Significant summer seasonal trends were observed with Mann- Kendall tau, positive Sen-Slope, and Pettitt slope at depths of 67.5 and 83.5 cm. The regression analysis was significant and positive for all ground depths and in different seasons. The highest correlation (r=0.82) between air temperature and surface ground depth was found. Freezing prevailed at all depths during 2008-2018. The average Active Layer Thickness (ALT) was 92.61 cm. Temperature is difficult to monitor, and its estimation is still complex. However, it stands out as a fundamental element for studies that refer to the impacts of climate change