The Hola basin in the northern Da Xing'anling Mountains in Northeast China has been extensively developed for coal mining since the 1980s, resulting in a significantly degrading permafrost environment. However, the changing thermal state of permafrost under the boreal forest remains unclear. Based on ground temperature records from nine monitoring boreholes at three areas (disturbed, backfilled, and undisturbed areas) from 2015 to 2020, the thermal state of permafrost under the dual influences of climate change and human activities were evaluated. It is found that the temperatures at the depth of zero annual amplitude (T-ZAA) in the disturbed area increased by 0.2-0.5 degrees C during the past 6 years, turning the cold permafrost (T-ZAA <= -1.0 degrees C) into a warm one (-1 <= T-ZAA <= 0 degrees C). Additionally, the permafrost table was lowered by 0.8-7.0 m. As a result, subaerial supra-permafrost talik occurred. However, T-ZAA in the undisturbed areas lowered by 0.03-0.11 degrees C, possibly due to the lagged response of the local climate cooling during 2001-2010. In the meantime, T-ZAA rose sharply in the disturbed areas, indicating more significant influences of intense human activities on permafrost in comparison with that of climate change. As the permafrost degrades, the boreal permafrost eco-environment has changed dramatically, as revealed by the draining and drying up of the Yueya'hu Lake in the southern Hola basin. These results help reveal the physical mechanisms, evaluate the rates and amplitudes of environmental changes, and manage the boreal forest environment and resources in a sustainable manner.

Global warming has led to extensive permafrost degradation, particularly in thermally vulnerablepermafrost in the marginal or transitional zones of altitudinal or latitudinal permafrost. However,comprehensive knowledge about microbial communities in response to rapid permafrostdegradation at large (or interregional) scales remains elusive. In this meta-analysis, existingpublished data were utilized to identify the distributive and co-occurrence patterns of themicrobiome in two interregional locations: the Qilian Mountains on the northeasternQinghai-Tibet Plateau(NE-QTP) and the Xing'anling Mountainsin Northeast China(NE-China).Both areas are situated in the marginal zone of large permafrost units. The results reveal that therapidly degrading permafrost did not overshadow the regional biogeographic pattern of themicrobial community. Instead, the results show some distinctive biogeographic patterns, ascharacterized by different groups of characteristic bacterial lineages in each of the two regions. SoilpH has emerged as a crucial controlling factor on the basis of the available environmental data.Network-basedanalysessuggestagenerallyhighlevelofnaturalconnectivityforbacterialnetworkson the NE-QTP; however, it collapses more drastically than that in NE-China if the environmentalperturbations exceed the tipping point. These findings indicate that the biogeographic patterns ofthe bacterial community structure are not significantly altered by permafrost degradation. Thisresearch provides valuable insights into the development of more effective management methodsfor microbiomes in rapidly degrading permafrost.