The pollution of metal ions triggers great risks of damaging biodiversity and biodiversity-driven ecosystem multifunctioning, whether microbial functional gene can mirror ecosystem multifunctionality in nonferrous metal mining areas remains largely unknown. Macrogenome sequencing and statistical tools are used to decipher linkage between functional genes and ecosystem multifunctioning. Soil samples were collected from subdams in a copper tailings area at various stages of restoration. The results indicated that the diversity and composition of soil bacterial communities were more sensitive than those of the fungal and archaeal communities during the restoration process. The mean method revealed that nutrient, heavy metal, and soil carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus multifunctionality decreased with increasing bacterial community richness, whereas highly significant positive correlations were detected between the species richness of the bacterial, fungal, and archaeal communities and the multifunctionality of the carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus functional genes and of functional genes for metal resistance in the microbial communities. SEM revealed that soil SWC and pH were ecological factors that directly influenced abiotic factor-related EMF; microbial diversity was a major biotic factor influencing the functional gene multifunctionality of the microbiota; and different abiotic and biotic factors associated with EMF had differential effects on whole ecosystem multifunctionality. These findings will

Ecosystem multifunctionality means that the ecosystem has the ability to provide multiple functions simultaneously. The study of the ecosystem multifunctionality provides an important basis for the understanding of the ecosystem function and management. Despite the plant community restoration is an important driver of changes in biodiversity and ecosystem multifunctionality, we still little know about the scaling effects the relationship between different dimensions of biodiversity and ecosystem multifunctionality. In this study, we investigated the relative contributions of different dimensions of plant diversity (e.g., species diversity, functional diversity and phylogenetic diversity) changes in ecosystem multifunctionality under different restoration stages (10, 30 and 40 years) in a human-damaged Liaodong oak (Quercus wutaishanica) plant communities in northern China. The results found that (1) ecosystem multifunctionality index was significantly higher in the middle (30 years) and late (40 years) stages of restoration than the early stage (10 years) of restoration. (2) Species richness and phylogenetic diversity were significantly higher in the early stage (10 years) of restoration than in the middle (30 years) and late (40 years) stages of restoration, however, functional dispersion was significantly higher in the later stages (40 years) of restoration than in the early (10 years) and middle stages (30 years) of restoration. (3) Ecosystem multifunctionality is primarily driven by photosynthetic traits of dominant species. The results of this study deepen the under-standing of the relationship between plant diversity and ecosystem multifunctionality in the forests of northern

Semi-natural grasslands and their diverse biota are threatened by changes in land-use like afforestation, abandonment of traditional practices, urban development or conversion into intensive agricultural land. Extensive loss and fragmentation of semi-natural grasslands consequently affects ecosystem functioning inherit to open landscapes and the sustainable provision of ecosystem services. Ecological restoration of grasslands has potential to halt further decline and hopefully reverse some of the damage done to the grasslands and vital ecosystem services they provide. By assessing grasslands before and after the restoration, we evaluated how restoring overgrown and forested semi-natural grasslands to open grasslands impacts nine ecosystem services: habitat maintenance, soil condition maintenance, soil carbon storage, pollination, pest regulation, provision of wild food and medicinal herbs, forage production, wood production and recreation. We also analyzed the relationship between ecosystem multifunctionality and species richness of multiple organism groups. We found that already few years after restoration, restored grasslands exhibited rapidly increasing biodiversity and ecosystem service provision. Similarly, the overall ecosystem multifunctionality increased significantly after restoration in previously overgrown and afforested grasslands. However, while a robust and strong positive relationship between multitrophic diversity and ecosystem multifunctionality existed before restoration, this relationship was somewhat weakened after restoration. We propose two potential explanations: first, the previously distinct condition classes became more similar, starting to resemble open grassland habitats in their species richness and composition. Second, the relationship may have been weakened by the temporarily disrupted and transitional nature of the ecosystem post-restoration, due to varying recovery rates among different species groups and ecosystem services. Notably, soil-related services (carbon storage and soil maintenance) take longer to respond to restoration, compared to other services. In addition, we detected significant negative impact of prolonged drought on pest regulation and forage production service in both restored and unrestored areas. Semi-natural grasslands are both biodiversity and ecosystem service hotspots in European landscapes and restoring these habitats significantly increases the provision potential of important ecosystem services. However, restoration planning must consider landscape history, regional characteristics and the importance of long-term monitoring for getting the most accurate results.