Chemical discharge into water has contaminated various locations globally, endangering humans and aquatic life. Industries, farms, wastewater treatment plants, and stormwater overflows release chemicals. The European Union has set pollutant concentration criteria in drinking, surface, and groundwater to reduce water pollution. To comply with these limits, analytical detection methods must be rapid, reliable, and able to identify even minute levels of chemicals. Agriculture uses pesticides to keep crops safe from illnesses, insects, and weeds. Few chemicals work, while the remainder sink into the soil and damage ground and surface water. Due to the growing emphasis on scene analytes over chromatographic approaches, new pesticide evaluation methods have been prioritized. This report summarises various electrochemical pesticide detection studies in a simple and targeted manner. This study examines the electrochemical detection of carbamates, organophosphorus, organochlorine, pyrethroids, and pyrethrins. Electrochemical diagnostic methods, electrode materials, electrolyte and pH of interesting samples, and sample matrices are examined. This paper will also discuss current advances in the respected study, analytical obstacles, and future opportunities. Many electrochemical investigations and analytical data are summarised in this article, which also describes the linear dynamic range of concentration and limit of detection for electrochemical pesticide sensing. This review discusses electrochemical pesticide sensing advances in the utilization of various nanomaterials.

The improper disposal of antibiotics in water bodies and using contaminated wastewater in irrigation severely damage the environment. Despite efforts to monitor these contaminants, effective detection methods are limited. Here, we design and develop a novel microfluidic electrochemical (EC) sensor for on-site detection of trimethoprim (TMP) using a selenite-enriched lanthanum hydroxide (La(OH)(3):SeOx) working electrode and a polyimide (PI)-filter integrated microfluidic channel (MFC), thus termed a mu TMP-chip. For the first time, we introduced a new two-pronged strategy for enhancing TMP detection: i) incorporating selenite into the La(OH)(3) lattice to improve charge transfer properties and ii) using a laser-processed PI filter in the MFC to trap and isolate complex biomasses. Material characterizations confirmed that incorporating selenite into the La(OH)(3) lattice initiated La-O-Se bond formation and enhanced hybridization between the La 4f and O 2p orbitals. This process created holes in the O 2p valence band and improved the charge transfer properties, thus enhancing both sensitivity and selectivity. EC studies confirmed that when the PI filter is not used in the MFC, the mu TMP-chip experiences a 15-45 % drop in efficiency. The scalable mu TMP-chip offers cost-effective, highly reproducible TMP detection in soil and water.

In recent years, lead (Pb) contaminated soil has caused irreversible damage to human beings. It is urgent to develop a novel technology for accurate detection of Pb in the soil solution. Herein, a new electrochemical sensor was fabricated. Fe/ZIF-8 was used as the modification material, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were electrodeposited, and DNAzyme was applied on the surface as the probe. Under the optimum conditions (DNAzyme concentration of 1 mu mol, fixation time of 4 min, incubation time of 17 h and reaction time of 30 min), the detection range was 5x10(-12) similar to 5x10(-5) M, and the minimum detection limit was 10(-13) M (3 delta). Furthermore, the electrochemical sensor demonstrated outstanding anti-interference ability to common cations, anions, organic compounds and other interference factors. After four consecutive tests, the relative standard deviation (RSD) was only 0.39%, and it still displayed excellent reproducibility with 0.69% of RSD. After 20 days, the sensor's response to Pb2+ remained at 93.58%. In addition, the sensor could accurately detect Pb2+ in the actual soil solutions, and the recoveries of the samples ranged from 92% to 109.4%. In conclusion, this electrochemical sensor can specifically detect Pb2+ in the soil solution with enhanced sensitivity, anti-interference capability and stability, which is of great significance for Pb2+ detection in the field.