Climate change is reducing snowpack across temperate regions with negative consequences for human and natural systems. Because forest canopies create microclimates that preserve snowpack, managing forests to support snow refugia-defined here as areas that remain relatively buffered from contemporary climate change over time that sustain snow quality, quantity, and/or timing appropriate to the landscape-could reduce climate change impacts on snow cover, sustaining the benefits of snow. We review the current understanding of how forest canopies affect snow, finding that while closed-conifer forests and snow interactions have been extensively studied in western North America, there are knowledge gaps for deciduous and mixed forests with dormant season leaf loss. We propose that there is an optimal, intermediate zone along a gradient of dormant season canopy cover (DSCC; the proportion of the ground area covered by the canopy during the dormant season), where peak snowpack depth and the potential for snow refugia will be greatest because the canopy-mediated effects of snowpack sheltering (which can preserve snowpack) outweigh those of snowfall interception (which can limit snowpack). As an initial test of our hypothesis, we leveraged snowpack measurements in the northeastern United States spanning the DSCC gradient (low, 50% DSCC), including from 2 sites in Old Town, Maine; 12 sites in Acadia National Park, Maine; and 30 sites in the northern White Mountains of New Hampshire. Medium DSCC forests (typically mature mixed coniferous-deciduous forests) exhibited the deepest peak snowpacks, likely due to reduced snowfall interception compared to high DSCC forests and reduced snowpack loss compared to low DSCC forests. Many snow accumulation or snowpack studies focus on the contrast between coniferous and open sites, but our results indicate a need for enhanced focus on mixed canopy sites that could serve as snow refugia. Measurements of snowpack depth and timing across a wider range of forest canopies would advance understanding of canopy-snow interactions, expand the monitoring of changing winters, and support management of forests and snow-dependent species in the face of climate change.

The cyclic response in saturated sand is gaining increasing interest owing to the soil-structure interaction in seismic regions. The evolution of the pore water pressure in liquefiable soil can significantly reduce soil strength and impact the structural dynamic response. This paper proposes a semi-analytical solution for a cylindrical cavity subjected to cyclic loading in saturated sands, incorporating an anisotropic, non-associated SANISAND model. The problem is formulated as a set of first-order partial differential equations (PDEs) by combining geometric equations, equilibrium equations, stress-strain relationships and boundary conditions. Due to the non-self-similar nature of this problem, these PDEs are solved by the hybrid Eulerian-Lagrangian approach to determine the cyclic response of the cavity. Then finite-element simulations with a user-defined subroutine are performed to validate the proposed solution. Finally, parametric studies are presented with the focus on soil parameters and cyclic loading history. It is found that the cyclic responses of the cavity in saturated sands are sensitive to the initial void ratio, and the at-rest coefficient of earth pressure primarily affects the monotonic response but marginally affects the cyclic response. Cylindrical cavities are more likely to liquefy when the sands are compacted in a loose state and under lower displacement amplitudes. The proposed solution has potential use for future research on the cyclic response of the soil-structure interaction in geotechnical engineering.

The formation and evolution of rocky planets such as the Earth are marked by the heavy bombardments that dominated the first parts of the accretions. The outcomes of the large and giant impacts depend on the critical points and liquid-vapor equilibria of the constituent materials. Several determinations of the positions of the critical points have been conducted in the last few years, but they have mainly focused on systems devoid of volatiles. Here, we study, for the first time, a volatile-rich ubiquitous model mineral, phlogopite. For this, we employ ab initio molecular dynamics simulations. Its critical point is constrained in the 0.40-0.68 g/cm3 density range and 5,000-5,500 K temperature range. This shows that adding volatiles decreases the critical temperature of silicates while having a smaller effect on the critical density. The vapor phase that forms under cooling from the supercritical state is dominated by hydrogen, present in the form of H2O, H, OH, with oxygen and various F-bearing phases coming next. Our simulations show that up to 93% of the total hydrogen is retained in the silicate melt. Our results suggest that early magma oceans must have been hydrated. In particular for the Moon's history, even if catastrophic dehydrogenation occurred during the cooling of the lunar magma ocean, the amount of water incorporated during its formation could have been sufficient to explain the amounts of water found today in the last lunar samples.

A statistical Design of Experiment (DOE) is innovatively applied to assess the physical and mechanical properties of natural composite rods extracted from the proximal of the giant bamboo. The proximal section, roughly the first 2.4 m from the first useable culm above the soil, has the greatest wall thickness, allowing for the extraction of rods with larger transverse dimensions and sampling from different radial positions, resulting in composite rods with varying fibre volume fractions. A 31 x 21 full factorial design is conducted considering three levels of longitudinal position (base, middle, and top) along the proximal section, and two radial positions within the culms (inner and outer). The bulk density of the rods tends to increase (up to 12 %) from the base to the top levels and from the in-extracted to the out-extracted rods, while water absorption exhibits the opposite behaviour, but increasing up to 25 %. Tensile properties tend to increase up to 13 % from the base-extracted rods to those extracted from the middle and top parts of the proximal section, and up to 24 % from the in-extracted to the out-extracted specimens. Compressive properties increase up to 43 % from the base to middle and top levels, and up to 45 % from the in-extracted to the out-extracted rods. The impact resistance depends only on the longitudinal position, increasing by 11 % from the top to the base levels. Specific tensile stiffness and strength are similar for any extraction position, while the specific compressive properties follow similar behaviour as the absolute compressive properties. The failure mode under tension is mostly characterised by delamination, whilst for compression the type of damage appears to be random and does not follow any discernible pattern. The impact specimens undergo a full rupture of the bamboo structure. These findings contribute valuable insights into the multi-scale characterisation of giant bamboo, laying the groundwork for its potential application in rod- based structural designs employing rods extracted from the culms of the plant.

The shutdown of earth pressure balance (EPB) shield tunneling in gravel stratum can easily lead to significant unexpected ground deformation. In order to study the response of gravel strata during shield shutdown and the characteristic change of soil state in the chamber, this paper establishes a coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian finite element method (CEL-FEM) coupling analysis model that reflects the interaction between the spoiled soil and gravel strata. The plastic flow parameters of CEL spoiled soil are calibrated using the slump method, and a quantitative relationship between the slump value, plastic flow parameters, equivalent coefficient of loosening, and excavation face support pressure is established. The reliability and applicability of CEL method in the simulation of shield shutdown are verified by the field measurements. Results show that: (1) The chamber's soil equivalent loose coefficient is inversely proportional to the soil slump value which is related to soil's plastic flow parameters. (2) The shield shutdown in gravel strata has a more significant impact on the deep strata displacement than on the surface. (3) During the shield shutdown stage, the chamber pressure should be dynamically adjusted based on the soil deformation characteristics, and an increase of 16% could result in a stable rebalance.

南美巴塔哥尼亚高原位于大型温带冰块快速变化与洋-陆板块俯冲交汇的复杂地质构造区域，其现今冰川均衡调整(GIA)响应信号及地表抬升的机理有待进一步明确。基于重力恢复与气候实验卫星(GRACE)2003—2016年时变重力数据，分析该高原地区的质量变化特征，利用相关水文模型和遥感卫星数据完善该地区的水文模型并提取水文信息空间变化特征，从GRACE综合信号中扣除水文信号得到现今GIA响应信号，并进一步通过全球定位系统(GPS)数据分析GIA效应对地表抬升的贡献。结果表明：巴塔哥尼亚高原地区呈现出巴塔哥尼亚冰原(PIF)及周围区域质量亏损、高原南部和北部质量增加的空间分布特征；水文质量亏损则形成以PIF为中心向外辐射、负信号逐渐减弱的空间分布；GIA响应使高原整体隆升，尤其在PIF南部最为突出，最高达(1.97±0.35) cm/a,与GIA模型特征相似；在北巴塔哥尼亚冰原(NPI)和南巴塔哥尼亚冰原(SPI)GIA响应分别能够解释约69.25%和82.70%的地表抬升信号。

南美巴塔哥尼亚高原位于大型温带冰块快速变化与洋-陆板块俯冲交汇的复杂地质构造区域，其现今冰川均衡调整(GIA)响应信号及地表抬升的机理有待进一步明确。基于重力恢复与气候实验卫星(GRACE)2003—2016年时变重力数据，分析该高原地区的质量变化特征，利用相关水文模型和遥感卫星数据完善该地区的水文模型并提取水文信息空间变化特征，从GRACE综合信号中扣除水文信号得到现今GIA响应信号，并进一步通过全球定位系统(GPS)数据分析GIA效应对地表抬升的贡献。结果表明：巴塔哥尼亚高原地区呈现出巴塔哥尼亚冰原(PIF)及周围区域质量亏损、高原南部和北部质量增加的空间分布特征；水文质量亏损则形成以PIF为中心向外辐射、负信号逐渐减弱的空间分布；GIA响应使高原整体隆升，尤其在PIF南部最为突出，最高达(1.97±0.35) cm/a,与GIA模型特征相似；在北巴塔哥尼亚冰原(NPI)和南巴塔哥尼亚冰原(SPI)GIA响应分别能够解释约69.25%和82.70%的地表抬升信号。

南美巴塔哥尼亚高原位于大型温带冰块快速变化与洋-陆板块俯冲交汇的复杂地质构造区域，其现今冰川均衡调整(GIA)响应信号及地表抬升的机理有待进一步明确。基于重力恢复与气候实验卫星(GRACE)2003—2016年时变重力数据，分析该高原地区的质量变化特征，利用相关水文模型和遥感卫星数据完善该地区的水文模型并提取水文信息空间变化特征，从GRACE综合信号中扣除水文信号得到现今GIA响应信号，并进一步通过全球定位系统(GPS)数据分析GIA效应对地表抬升的贡献。结果表明：巴塔哥尼亚高原地区呈现出巴塔哥尼亚冰原(PIF)及周围区域质量亏损、高原南部和北部质量增加的空间分布特征；水文质量亏损则形成以PIF为中心向外辐射、负信号逐渐减弱的空间分布；GIA响应使高原整体隆升，尤其在PIF南部最为突出，最高达(1.97±0.35) cm/a,与GIA模型特征相似；在北巴塔哥尼亚冰原(NPI)和南巴塔哥尼亚冰原(SPI)GIA响应分别能够解释约69.25%和82.70%的地表抬升信号。

南美巴塔哥尼亚高原位于大型温带冰块快速变化与洋-陆板块俯冲交汇的复杂地质构造区域，其现今冰川均衡调整(GIA)响应信号及地表抬升的机理有待进一步明确。基于重力恢复与气候实验卫星(GRACE)2003—2016年时变重力数据，分析该高原地区的质量变化特征，利用相关水文模型和遥感卫星数据完善该地区的水文模型并提取水文信息空间变化特征，从GRACE综合信号中扣除水文信号得到现今GIA响应信号，并进一步通过全球定位系统(GPS)数据分析GIA效应对地表抬升的贡献。结果表明：巴塔哥尼亚高原地区呈现出巴塔哥尼亚冰原(PIF)及周围区域质量亏损、高原南部和北部质量增加的空间分布特征；水文质量亏损则形成以PIF为中心向外辐射、负信号逐渐减弱的空间分布；GIA响应使高原整体隆升，尤其在PIF南部最为突出，最高达(1.97±0.35) cm/a,与GIA模型特征相似；在北巴塔哥尼亚冰原(NPI)和南巴塔哥尼亚冰原(SPI)GIA响应分别能够解释约69.25%和82.70%的地表抬升信号。

南美巴塔哥尼亚高原位于大型温带冰块快速变化与洋-陆板块俯冲交汇的复杂地质构造区域，其现今冰川均衡调整(GIA)响应信号及地表抬升的机理有待进一步明确。基于重力恢复与气候实验卫星(GRACE)2003—2016年时变重力数据，分析该高原地区的质量变化特征，利用相关水文模型和遥感卫星数据完善该地区的水文模型并提取水文信息空间变化特征，从GRACE综合信号中扣除水文信号得到现今GIA响应信号，并进一步通过全球定位系统(GPS)数据分析GIA效应对地表抬升的贡献。结果表明：巴塔哥尼亚高原地区呈现出巴塔哥尼亚冰原(PIF)及周围区域质量亏损、高原南部和北部质量增加的空间分布特征；水文质量亏损则形成以PIF为中心向外辐射、负信号逐渐减弱的空间分布；GIA响应使高原整体隆升，尤其在PIF南部最为突出，最高达(1.97±0.35) cm/a,与GIA模型特征相似；在北巴塔哥尼亚冰原(NPI)和南巴塔哥尼亚冰原(SPI)GIA响应分别能够解释约69.25%和82.70%的地表抬升信号。