This study employs the Global Navigation Satellite System-Interferometric Reflectometry (GNSS-IR) technique, along with in situ hydrothermal data, to explore the details and mechanisms of permafrost ground surface deformation in the hinterland Tibetan Plateau. Through analyzing GNSS data collected from November 2021 to April 2024, seasonal deformation of up to approximately 5 cm, caused by active layer freeze-thaw cycles, was identified. Additionally, more than 2 years of continuous monitoring revealed a clear ground subsidence rate of 2.7 cm per year due to permafrost thawing. We compared the GNSS-IR monitored deformation with simulated deformation using in situ soil moisture and temperature profiles at 5-220 cm depth and found that the correlation reached 0.9 during the active-layer thawing and freezing period; we also observed that following an exceptionally thawing season, the subsequent thawing season experiences notably greater thaw subsidence. Furthermore, we analyzed the differences in GNSS-IR monitoring results with and without the inclusion of Beidou Navigation Satellite System (BDS) signals, and found that the inclusion of BDS signals reduced the standard deviation of GNSS-IR results by an average of 0.24 mm on snow-free periods, but increased by an average of 0.12 mm during the snow cover periods. This may be due to the longer wavelength of the BDS signal, which exhibits greater diffraction through snow and reduces signal reflectivity compared to other satellite systems. The research results demonstrate the potential and ability of continuous GNSS-IR ground surface deformation monitoring in revealing and exploring the hydrothermal processes within permafrost under climate change.

南极海冰的生长消融与全球气候变化密切相关，而海冰上覆盖的积雪会对海冰的生长消融产生较大的影响。利用南极中山站附近海冰上的GPS数据，采用GNSS-IR(GNSS interferometric reflectometry)技术对海冰上覆积雪深度进行反演。首先，采用最小二乘谐波分析(least-squares harmonic estimation, LS-HE)方法提取反射信号的主波峰，计算反射面到天线相位中心的距离；其次，采用DBSCAN(density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise)聚类算法对反演结果进行质量控制；最后，利用现场实测雪深数据对反演结果进行了验证，平均偏差为-0.01 m,RMSE为0.012 m，表明GNSS-IR技术能够有效反演海冰表面积雪深度。

南极海冰的生长消融与全球气候变化密切相关，而海冰上覆盖的积雪会对海冰的生长消融产生较大的影响。利用南极中山站附近海冰上的GPS数据，采用GNSS-IR(GNSS interferometric reflectometry)技术对海冰上覆积雪深度进行反演。首先，采用最小二乘谐波分析(least-squares harmonic estimation, LS-HE)方法提取反射信号的主波峰，计算反射面到天线相位中心的距离；其次，采用DBSCAN(density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise)聚类算法对反演结果进行质量控制；最后，利用现场实测雪深数据对反演结果进行了验证，平均偏差为-0.01 m,RMSE为0.012 m，表明GNSS-IR技术能够有效反演海冰表面积雪深度。

多年冻土区地表高程因活动层每年的融化和冻结而发生季节性下沉和隆起，对工程建筑的安全、生态环境的平衡以及全球气候变化等方面都具有重要的影响。利用全球导航卫星系统干涉反射（global navigation satellite systeminterferometricreflectometry,GNSS-IR）遥感对冻土冻融形变进行监测是一种新型技术手段。针对格洛纳斯（GLONASS）、伽利略（Galileo）系统等长重访周期卫星因每日轨迹不重复造成的地形影响，提出了一种考虑地形的冻土冻融形变监测方法，通过引入反射面倾斜角消除地形变化影响，反演得到更接近实际情况的季节性冻融形变。利用位于美国阿拉斯加北部的SG27站点2018年、2019年无雪日GNSS信噪比数据进行了实验，并与现有研究中的反演方法所得结果进行了对比分析，验证了该方法在冻土冻融形变监测中的有效性。实验结果表明，相比于不考虑地形影响的方法，GLONASS和Galileo所得地表高程变化具有更小的离散性以及更小的不确定性，与复合模型拟合的一致性和决定系数R2都有了一定提升，标准差总平均分别减小约28.9%和36.9%,R2总平...

多年冻土区地表高程因活动层每年的融化和冻结而发生季节性下沉和隆起，对工程建筑的安全、生态环境的平衡以及全球气候变化等方面都具有重要的影响。利用全球导航卫星系统干涉反射（global navigation satellite systeminterferometricreflectometry,GNSS-IR）遥感对冻土冻融形变进行监测是一种新型技术手段。针对格洛纳斯（GLONASS）、伽利略（Galileo）系统等长重访周期卫星因每日轨迹不重复造成的地形影响，提出了一种考虑地形的冻土冻融形变监测方法，通过引入反射面倾斜角消除地形变化影响，反演得到更接近实际情况的季节性冻融形变。利用位于美国阿拉斯加北部的SG27站点2018年、2019年无雪日GNSS信噪比数据进行了实验，并与现有研究中的反演方法所得结果进行了对比分析，验证了该方法在冻土冻融形变监测中的有效性。实验结果表明，相比于不考虑地形影响的方法，GLONASS和Galileo所得地表高程变化具有更小的离散性以及更小的不确定性，与复合模型拟合的一致性和决定系数R2都有了一定提升，标准差总平均分别减小约28.9%和36.9%,R2总平...

卫星导航定位连续运行参考站(continuously operating reference stations,CORS)系统作为GNSS与网络通信技术结合发展出的新兴导航定位CORS系统，具有快速高效、高精度、网络化等优点，不仅可以测量地表位置及运动，还可以借助GNSS信号的折射与反射特征监测地表环境参数变化情况.本文提出一种将CORS站用于“积雪深度、土壤湿度、大气水汽、地表形变”的地表环境多参数综合监测体系，用以拓展CORS站在生态环境中的广泛应用.以齐齐哈尔市CORS站BFQE为实验案例，首先获取实验时段中CORS站接收的GNSS观测数据(含信噪比(signal to noise ratio,SNR)数据)、星历数据及气象数据对其进行预处理；其次对重采样的SNR数据采用非线性最小二乘及Lomb-Scargle谱分析方法解译特定时间段的浅层土壤湿度及地表积雪深度；然后通过联测远距离国际地球动力学服务机构站(International GPS Service for Geodynamics,IGS)采用相对定位技术获取测站的地表形变序列与大气水汽序列；最后，结合上述多种地表环境参数...

卫星导航定位连续运行参考站(continuously operating reference stations,CORS)系统作为GNSS与网络通信技术结合发展出的新兴导航定位CORS系统，具有快速高效、高精度、网络化等优点，不仅可以测量地表位置及运动，还可以借助GNSS信号的折射与反射特征监测地表环境参数变化情况.本文提出一种将CORS站用于“积雪深度、土壤湿度、大气水汽、地表形变”的地表环境多参数综合监测体系，用以拓展CORS站在生态环境中的广泛应用.以齐齐哈尔市CORS站BFQE为实验案例，首先获取实验时段中CORS站接收的GNSS观测数据(含信噪比(signal to noise ratio,SNR)数据)、星历数据及气象数据对其进行预处理；其次对重采样的SNR数据采用非线性最小二乘及Lomb-Scargle谱分析方法解译特定时间段的浅层土壤湿度及地表积雪深度；然后通过联测远距离国际地球动力学服务机构站(International GPS Service for Geodynamics,IGS)采用相对定位技术获取测站的地表形变序列与大气水汽序列；最后，结合上述多种地表环境参数...

Ground subsidence and uplift caused by the annual thawing and freezing of the active layer are important variables in permafrost studies. Global positioning system interferometric reflectometry (GPS-IR) has been successfully applied to retrieve the continuous ground surface movements in permafrost areas. However, only GPS signals were used in previous studies. In this study, using multiple global navigation satellite system (GNSS) signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) observations recorded by a GNSS station SG27 in Utqiagvik, Alaska during the period from 2018 to 2021, we applied multiple GNSS-IR (multi-GNSS-IR) technique to the SNR data and obtained the complete and continuous ground surface elevation changes over the permafrost area at a daily interval in snow-free seasons in 2018 and 2019. The GLONASS-IR and Galileo-IR measurements agreed with the GPS-IR measurements at L1 frequency, which are the most consistent measurements among all multi-GNSS measurements, in terms of the overall subsidence trend but clearly showed periodic noises. We proposed a method to reconstruct the GLONASS- and Galileo-IR elevation changes by specifically grouping and fitting them with a composite model. Compared with GPS L1 results, the unbiased root mean square error (RMSE) of the reconstructed Galileo measurements reduced by 50.0% and 42.2% in 2018 and 2019, respectively, while the unbiased RMSE of the reconstructed GLONASS measurements decreased by 41.8% and 25.8% in 2018 and 2019, respectively. Fitting the composite model to the combined multi-GNSS-IR, we obtained seasonal displacements of - 3.27 +/- 0.13 cm (R-2 = 0.763) and - 10.56 +/- 0.10 cm (R-2 = 0.912) in 2018 and 2019, respectively. Moreover, we found that the abnormal summer heave was strongly correlated with rain events, implying hydrological effects on the ground surface elevation changes. Our study shows the feasibility of multi-GNSS-IR in permafrost areas for the first time. Multi-GNSS-IR opens up a great opportunity for us to investigate ground surface movements over permafrost areas with multi-source observations, which are important for our robust analysis and quantitative understanding of frozen ground dynamics under climate change.