The intensification of land use has contributed to the emergence of environmental impacts such as soil loss, silting of water bodies, and reduction of biodiversity, among others. Using models capable of seasonally diagnosing environmental damage is essential in territorial planning and management, demonstrating the spatial distribution of the environment's sensitivity to developing erosion processes and quantitatively valuing soil loss. Thus, assuming a significant relationship exists between the seasonal variation in environmental fragility and the validated estimate of soil loss, reflecting the conservation status of the river basin. Therefore, this work aims to analyze the seasonal Environmental Fragility (EF) from the autumn of 2019 to the summer of 2020 using the soil loss estimate. Data such as slope, erodibility, erosivity, and the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) were used to achieve this. Statistical tests were also applied to assess the significance level of the models in the seasonal evaluation and the validation based on ground truth points. The results showed seasonal differentiation in the EF and the soil loss estimation. Spring was the one that resulted in the most extensive area classified as high EF (27%) and with an estimated soil loss of 0.3733 t.ha-1month-3. The summer presented the highest soil loss estimation with an average value of 0.4393 t.ha -1month-3. Autumn (0.07683 t.ha-1 month-3) and winter (0.0569 t.ha-1 month-3) showed the lowest rates of soil loss, and the most prominent areas were classified in the low class of EF, as a result, mainly of the erosivity of the rains. The results indicated by the seasonal models of EF and soil loss were validated through erosion points using spatial statistics tests.

Non-grain production of cultivated land (NGPCL) threatened food security. Therefore, scholars have begun study this area in China and other countries, but most of the studies have focused on large scales, and few studies have focused on plot scale analysis. This study presents an analytical framework to shed light on the causes of NGPCL in the hilly mountainous regions of southern China. First, we categorized NGPCL into severe damage class and slight damage class according to the degree of damage of NGPCL to cultivated soils and the difficulty of restoring food production capacity. Then, we revealed the characteristics of spatial differentiation and causes of NGPCL in the southern hilly areas by using methods such as binary logistic regression model and spatial correlation analysis. Finally, the results in the study showed that: (1) the overall NGPCL areal in 2020 was 11288.46 hm2, accounts for 38.14%, of which the areas of NGPCL in the minor damage class and the serious damage class were 27.32% and 10.82%, respectively. (2) The spatial differentiation of NGPCL was obvious, which showed a clustered distribution pattern, with NGPCLs of the minor damage class clustered at high values in the topographically flat areas of the east-central zone, and NGPCLs of the severe damage class clustered at high values in the vicinity of the central urban area. (3) The levels of NGPCL for each type were significantly correlated with the three dimensions of natural, locational, and socio-economic factors, while topography, cultivated land infrastructure conditions and the degree of centralized and contiguous cultivated land were the important drivers of spatial differentiation of NGPCL. This paper reveals the distribution and influencing factors of NGPCL at the plot scale, that can provide theoretical reference and categorized governance suggestions for NGPCL governance in similar regions in China and even in the world.

Future anthropogenic land use change (LUC) may alter atmospheric carbonaceous aerosol (black carbon and organic aerosol) burden by perturbing biogenic and fire emissions. However, there has been little investigation of this effect. We examine the global evolution of future carbonaceous aerosol under the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways projected reforestation and deforestation scenarios using the CESM2 model from present-day to 2100. Compared to present-day, the change in future biogenic volatile organic compounds emission follows changes in forest coverage, while fire emissions decrease in both projections, driven by trends in deforestation fires. The associated carbonaceous aerosol burden change produces moderate aerosol direct radiative forcing (-0.021 to +0.034 W/m2) and modest mean reduction in PM2.5 exposure (-0.11 mu g/m3 to -0.23 mu g/m3) in both scenarios. We find that future anthropogenic LUC may be more important in determining atmospheric carbonaceous aerosol burden than direct anthropogenic emissions, highlighting the importance of further constraining the impact of LUC.

Rapid socio-economic development has precipitated substantial transformations in land use and land cover (LUCC) within the Yanhe River basin, significantly impacting production dynamics, confluence mechanisms, and the basin's runoff response processes. To elucidate the runoff response patterns under varying land use/land cover change conditions, this study analyzed the land use change characteristics from 1980 to 2020. Employed the SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) model, and simulated the precipitation-runoff dynamics under five distinct land use scenarios to scrutinize the basin's runoff response to varying land use conditions. The results demonstrated the applicability of the SWAT model to the Yanhe River basin, with R-2 and Ens values for monthly runoff at two hydrological stations exceeding 0.6 during both calibration and validation periods. Between 1980 and 2020, the area of farmland decreased by 27.96%, whereas the areas of woodland and grassland by 36.59% and 16.2%, respectively. Scenario analysis revealed that the primary contributors to the increased runoff in the study area, in descending order, were grassland, farmland, and woodland. The results indicated that converting farmland to woodland would reduce the runoff depth by 0.26 mm, while converting farmland to grassland would increase the runoff depth by 0.39 mm in the watershed. The conversions exhibited pronounced seasonal effects, with varying degrees of runoff depth changes observed across different seasons. The contribution order of different hydrological years to runoff depth change rates was median flow year > low flow year > high flow year. Land use conversion, particularly among farmland, grassland, and woodland, exerts diversified impacts on runoff depth across different water periods.

Flood is among the most disastrous natural disasters since they are responsible for massive damage to infrastructure, severe fatalities and injuries, innumerable economic losses, and social disruptions worldwide. These damages caused by floods have been worsening in recent years worldwide because of environmental degradation, climatic change, and high-speed urbanization. A rising precipitation rate increases the chances of floods in flood-vulnerable areas. A flash flood is a rapid flooding of geomorphic low-lying regions caused by remarkably high rainfall in a short duration. On September 23rd, 2023 a flooding event in the Nagpur, Maharashtra, it is directly impact on the human death and economic loss entire city. In the present study, the change in the dynamics of Nagpur city was analysed by employing remote sensing and GIS techniques to assess the change in the land use and land cover patterns. Landsat imagery of year 2000, 2010, 2020, and 2023 was used for land use and land cover classification. This analysis reveals that there is an increase in built-up area from 72.85 sq. km in year 2000 to 185.4 sq. km in year 2023. The built up land is increased this changes where directly affects the infiltration rate of rainwater into the soil. The total area covered by water bodies is reduced to 2.29 sq. km in 2023 which were 12.2 sq. km in year 2000. It is indicates the encroachment of built-up land on the water bodies. On the day of flash flood occurrence, it was observed that Nagpur city received 145 mm rainfall which is highest in the month of September, 2023. The Shannon entropy model was used to estimate the population dynamics and growth patterns of Nagpur city. Higher entropy values were obtained during the analysis which indicates the rapid transformation of city in all directions. Population dynamics of Nagpur city also indicate the inflation in population from 4,067,637 in 2000 to 4,653,570 in 2010. The SAR water index was calculated using Google Earth Engine to detect the water surges in residential areas during the flood. Precautionary measures should be taken by governing authorities to avoid such disasters. Proper city planning and improvements in drainage systems are recommended within the city. It is needed for an hour to develop a river monitoring system and early warning system, as well as preventive measures that should be implemented, like the construction of retaining walls to control the flood water.

The extreme conditions in arid ecosystems make these environments sensitive to environmental changes. Particularly, land use and seasonal changes are determinants of their soil carbon dynamics. The effect of those elements on soil respiration (RS) is still poorly known in several arid regions of the world. This study investigates the seasonal effect on the R(S )and its controlling factors throughout different land use systems in northeastern Mexico. RS and 34 biotic and abiotic variables were measured across agricultural crops, natural shrublands, livestock farms, walnut orchards, and industrially influenced soils during the dry and wet seasons. Six variables (soil water content, soil organic matter, soil temperature, silt, and pH) were found as drivers of R(S )on both local and regional scales. Seasonal and land use had a transversal effect on R-S and its controlling factors. R-S dynamics were primarily modulated by soil water content, with the wet season and managed lands showing increased sensitivity to climatic and anthropogenic changes. These results indicate that land management strategies are critical for carbon cycling, particularly in water-limited regions like northeastern Mexico, where land use changes are occurring at an accelerated pace.

Extreme flooding is becoming a more serious hazard to the world's infrastructure, especially in high-risk locations, and is linked to global warming and human activity. This research employs an analytical hierarchy process (AHP) model and geographic information system (GIS) analysis to delineate flood risk zones. An eight-factor multiparametric method to flood risk susceptibility mapping includes precipitation, distance to river, the slope, elevation, land use/cover, topographic wetness index, type of soil, and curvature. An urban flood risk index (UFRI) is established based on vulnerability mapping, revealing that approximately 33% of Haripur District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, is prone to floods. Additionally, land use cover analysis indicates that 23% of the crop area in Haripur District is at risk from flood disasters. Recognizing the potential for costly damage to infrastructure, flood hazard mapping serves as a valuable tool to prioritize risk areas for urban and agricultural development. The outcomes of this study are anticipated to significantly contribute to predisaster flood control management in the studied area.

Overcrowding in national parks and protected areas can cause irreversible damage to the environment, compromising the quality of soil, water, wildlife, and vegetation. Thus, it is critical for park managers to have detailed information on visitor activities and spatial dynamics in order to prioritise actions capable of mitigating undesirable impacts in the most frequently visited areas. In this article, we use georeferenced trails and photographs from the Wikiloc and Flickr web platforms to determine the spatial visitation patterns in the Atlantic Islands of Galicia National Park (AINP) from 2008 to 2023. Maps showing trail usage intensity and the distribution of photographs according to land use allowed us to identify the most frequented land uses by visitors and the areas of highest tourist pressure within the AINP. The results show that distribution patterns vary between platforms. Shrubland (37%) and marine cliffs (27%) were the most photographed land uses by visitors, while artificial areas (14%) were the most frequented by Wikiloc users. C & iacute;es island emerges as the most popular tourist destination, as evidenced by the greater number of trails and photographs compared to Ons, S & aacute;lvora, and Cortegada. This study shows how social media data, specifically trails and geotagged photographs from Wikiloc and Flickr, can support and complement the monitoring of visitor use and impact in protected areas.

The rapid expansion of cropland in Cambodia, the world's seventh-largest rice exporter, has created an imbalance in land use structure. However, there is a lack of quantitative investigation of the loss of ecological land as a result of the expansion of cropland and its drivers. In this research, spatial autocorrelation, landscape pattern index and transfer matrix methods were used based on land use data from 2000 to 2023. Then, the eXtreme Gradient Boosting-SHapley Additive exPlanations (XGBoost-SHAP) and Geographic Detector were used to explore the drivers of cropland expansion. The findings indicate that the expanse of agricultural land in Cambodia has significantly increased by 13.47%. The proportion of cropland to the land area (37.87%) is close to that of forest (40.19%). Cultivated land is dominated by rice fields, supplemented by drylands. Spatial clustering is obvious in both drylands and rice fields. Drylands are mainly concentrated in the eastern and western mountainous areas and the northern border, while rice fields are concentrated in the central plains. Cultivated land encroached on a total of 30,579.27km2 of ecological land, of which 62.88% was dry land and 37.12% was rice fields. Forests and shrubs are the main source of expansion of cropland. In addition, soil type (0.18), elevation (0.17) and GDP (0.17), population (0.52) and their interactions strongly drove the expansion of dryland and rice fields. Cambodia should conduct scientific research to assess the demand for cropland by population growth and economic progress. It should realize the orderly growth of cultivated land, reduce the damage to ecological land, and promote the coordinated development of society, environment and economy.

Soil-based emissions from land conversions are often overlooked in climate planning. The objectives of this study were to use quantitative data on soil-based greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions for the state of Georgia (GA) (USA) to examine context-specific (temporal, biophysical, economic, and social) climate planning and legal options to deal with these emissions. Currently, 30% of the land in GA has experienced anthropogenic land degradation (LD) primarily due to agriculture (64%). All seven soil orders were subject to various degrees of anthropogenic LD. Increases in overall LD between 2001 and 2021 indicate a lack of land degradation neutrality (LDN) in GA. Besides agricultural LD, there was also LD caused by increased development through urbanization, with 15,197.1 km2 developed, causing midpoint losses of 1.2 x 1011 kg of total soil carbon (TSC) with a corresponding midpoint social cost from carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions (SC-CO2) of USD $20.4B (where B = billion = 109, $ = U.S. dollars (USD)). Most developments occurred in the Metro Atlanta and Coastal Economic Development Regions, which indicates reverse climate change adaptation (RCCA). Soil consumption from developments is an important issue because it limits future soil or forest carbon (C) sequestration potential in these areas. Soil-based emissions should be included in GA's carbon footprint. Understanding the geospatial and temporal context of land conversion decisions, as well as the social and economic costs, could be used to create incentives for land management that limit soil-based GHG emissions in a local context with implications for relevant United Nations (UN) initiatives.