In the study, JL-BC, an environmentally friendly shale inhibitor with a temperature tolerance of 220 degrees C was synthesized by grafting modified nano biochar (BC) onto polyarginyl lysine (JL) for the first time. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and thermogravimetric (TGA) tests indicated that JL-BC had been successfully synthesized and had good thermal stability. The inhibition performance of JL-BC was experimentally evaluated by linear swelling test, hot-rolling recovery test and sodium bentonite (Na-BT) block immersion test, and the inhibition mechanism of JL-BC was studied by various experimental characterization methods. The experimental results showed that compared with potassium chloride (KCl), polyether amine (PEA), bionic inhibitor dopamine (DA), 2, 3-epoxypropyltrimethylammonium chloride (EPTAC), and poly dimethyl diallyl ammonium chloride (PDMDAAC), Na-BT had the lowest linear swelling height of 4.49 mm in 4 % JL-BC solution at 150 degrees C. The recovery rates of shale cuttings were highest in 4 % JL-BC solution at 200 degrees C and 220 degrees C, which were 96 % and 92 %, respectively. The Na-BT block was immersed in 4 % JL-BC solution for 16 h basically retained its original morphology. The excellent inhibition performance of JL-BC was mainly attributed to the positive charge of JL-BC in aqueous solution at pH 9, which was strongly adsorbed on Na-BT, lowering the zeta potential of Na-BT, destabilizing Na-BT and causing it to aggregate. With the increase of JL-BC concentration, NaBT gradually aggregated into larger flocs, increasing the particle size of Na-BT. Nano BC reduced water intrusion to a certain extent by physically blocking micropores. In addition, the EC50 value of JL-BC was 2.93 x 105 mg/L, indicating that it was non-toxic. The addition of JL-BC to the soil effectively increased the content of organic matter, ammonium nitrogen and available potassium, and promoted the growth of wheat seedlings. This work may open a new avenue for the development and use of environmentally friendly treatment agents.

Cadmium significantly impacts plant growth and productivity by disrupting physiological, biochemical, and oxidative defenses, leading to severe damage. The application of Zn-Lys improves plant growth while reducing the stress caused by heavy metals on plants. By focusing on cadmium stress and potential of Zn-Lys on pea, we conducted a pot-based study, organized under completely randomized block design CRD-factorial at the Botanical Garden of Government College University, Faisalabad. Both pea cultivars were grown in several concentrations of cadmium @ 0, 50 and 100 mu M, and Zn-Lys were exogenously applied @ 0 mg/L and 10 mg/L with three replicates for each treatment. Cd-toxicity potentially reduces plant growth, chlorophyll contents, osmoprotectants, and anthocyanin content; however, an increase in MDA, H2O2 initiation, enzymatic antioxidant activities as well as phenolic, flavonoid, proline was observed. Remarkably, exogenously applied Zn-Lys significantly enhanced the plant growth, biomass, photosynthetic attributes, osmoprotectants, and anthocyanin con-tents, while further increase in enzymatic antioxidant activities, total phenolic, flavonoid, and proline contents were noticed. However, application of Zn-Lys instigated a remarkable decrease in levels of MDA and H2O2. It can be suggested with recommendation to check the potential of Zn-Lys on plants under cadmium-based toxic soil.