Background and aimsFrequent extreme weather poses significant threats to agricultural production and biological communities. Understanding the microbiological mechanisms that determine plant health under warming fluctuations (including short-term warming (WM, 45 degrees C for lasting 10 days) and recovery from warming (RE, the end of warming and returning to 25 degrees C for lasting 10 days)) is crucial for achieving sustainable agricultural development.MethodsHere, we explored the effects of warming fluctuations on the plant health index (PHI) and on the bacterial and fungal communities in both bulk soil and rhizosphere.ResultsWarming fluctuations did not change the rhizosphere bacterial or fungal alpha diversity but did affect the community structure and composition in both the bulk soil and rhizosphere. Moreover, warming fluctuations altered the stability and complexity of the bacterial and fungal networks, and the changes exhibited obvious differences between the bulk soil and rhizosphere. Bacterial and bulk soil fungal taxa enhanced their cooperation to adapt to WM, while rhizosphere fungal taxa became more competitive. In addition, warming fluctuations reduced the wheat health index and caused irreversible damage. Biotic factors, particularly core taxa such as Nocardioidaceae, Trueperaceae, Microbacteriaceae, and 67-14 of bacteria, as well as Diversisporaceae, Glomeraceae, Entolomataceae, and Orbiliales of fungi, have emerged as the main driving forces affecting wheat health. These core taxa can directly influence wheat health or indirectly regulate network complexity and competition among taxa.ConclusionsOur study underscores the significance of core taxa in modulating soil microbiome dynamics and safeguarding plant health, offering valuable insights and strategies for enhancing crop productivity and fostering sustainable agricultural development amidst increasingly frequent extreme weather events.

Microorganisms play a vital role in restoring soil multifunctionality and rejuvenating degraded meadows. The availability of microbial resources, such as carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus, often hinders this process. However, there is limited information on whether grass restoration can alleviate microbial resource limitations in damaged slopes of high-altitude regions. This study focused on alpine bare land impacted by engineering activities, with the goal of using grass seeds to improve soil resource availability and multifunctionality. High- throughput sequencing and enzyme stoichiometry (vector analyses) were employed to analyze microbial community composition and assess resource limitations. Our findings suggested that soil carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus contents were low, ranging from 7.67 to 12.6 g kg- 1 for carbon, 0.61 to 0.98 g kg-1,for nitrogen, and 0.65 to 0.78 g kg-1for phosphorus. Nevertheless, the standardized scores for high yield and resource acquisition strategies remained at 0.26 and 1.36 in the four groups, which were lower than those of the stress tolerance strategy. Microorganisms primarily employed the stress tolerance strategy, focusing on repairing injured cells rather than promoting cell growth, which suggests that microbial growth and metabolism were only marginally enhanced. Because of this strategy's limited impact on enhancing microbial community diversity and fostering a co-occurrence network, the resultant levels remained comparable to those observed in degraded meadows. In this case, microbial resource limitations persisted, with phosphorus remaining a constraint. Consequently, grass restoration alone offered limited relief for microbial resource limitations in alpine meadows, underscoring the challenges of solely relying on grass seeds to recover damaged alpine ecosystems.