本文使用1988—2021年较高空间分辨率的Landsat卫星遥感数据细致分析了位于青藏高原腹地的长江源区植被绿度变化情况，并使用地表长期形变速率、热融湖塘及热融滑塌分布定量描述多年冻土退化状态并由此明晰植被对多年冻土退化的响应。研究表明：(1)长江源区NDVI自1988年以来平均增加速率为0.003 1/a，绿化区域占总源区的91.9%，褐化区域占总源区的7.1%；(2)随着地表沉降速率增大，植被绿化速率加快，但沉降速率高于25 mm/a时，NDVI增长速率逐渐减缓，当沉降速率进一步增加时，甚至一些地区表现出了明显的NDVI减小情况；(3)热融滑塌的出现显著破坏了发生区域内植被，但周围120 m范围内植被发育情况好于全源区平均水平，热融湖塘区及其周围60 m范围内的植被绿化程度落后于全源区平均水平。长江源植被区域褐化比例为7.1%[只统计褐化植被/植被区域（NDVI>0.1部分）]，其中多年冻土退化直接影响了29.6%的褐化植被（只统计褐化植被中有明显冻土影响信号的部分占褐化区域比重）。

本文使用1988—2021年较高空间分辨率的Landsat卫星遥感数据细致分析了位于青藏高原腹地的长江源区植被绿度变化情况，并使用地表长期形变速率、热融湖塘及热融滑塌分布定量描述多年冻土退化状态并由此明晰植被对多年冻土退化的响应。研究表明：(1)长江源区NDVI自1988年以来平均增加速率为0.003 1/a，绿化区域占总源区的91.9%，褐化区域占总源区的7.1%；(2)随着地表沉降速率增大，植被绿化速率加快，但沉降速率高于25 mm/a时，NDVI增长速率逐渐减缓，当沉降速率进一步增加时，甚至一些地区表现出了明显的NDVI减小情况；(3)热融滑塌的出现显著破坏了发生区域内植被，但周围120 m范围内植被发育情况好于全源区平均水平，热融湖塘区及其周围60 m范围内的植被绿化程度落后于全源区平均水平。长江源植被区域褐化比例为7.1%[只统计褐化植被/植被区域（NDVI>0.1部分）]，其中多年冻土退化直接影响了29.6%的褐化植被（只统计褐化植被中有明显冻土影响信号的部分占褐化区域比重）。

本文使用1988—2021年较高空间分辨率的Landsat卫星遥感数据细致分析了位于青藏高原腹地的长江源区植被绿度变化情况，并使用地表长期形变速率、热融湖塘及热融滑塌分布定量描述多年冻土退化状态并由此明晰植被对多年冻土退化的响应。研究表明：(1)长江源区NDVI自1988年以来平均增加速率为0.003 1/a，绿化区域占总源区的91.9%，褐化区域占总源区的7.1%；(2)随着地表沉降速率增大，植被绿化速率加快，但沉降速率高于25 mm/a时，NDVI增长速率逐渐减缓，当沉降速率进一步增加时，甚至一些地区表现出了明显的NDVI减小情况；(3)热融滑塌的出现显著破坏了发生区域内植被，但周围120 m范围内植被发育情况好于全源区平均水平，热融湖塘区及其周围60 m范围内的植被绿化程度落后于全源区平均水平。长江源植被区域褐化比例为7.1%[只统计褐化植被/植被区域（NDVI>0.1部分）]，其中多年冻土退化直接影响了29.6%的褐化植被（只统计褐化植被中有明显冻土影响信号的部分占褐化区域比重）。

本文使用1988—2021年较高空间分辨率的Landsat卫星遥感数据细致分析了位于青藏高原腹地的长江源区植被绿度变化情况，并使用地表长期形变速率、热融湖塘及热融滑塌分布定量描述多年冻土退化状态并由此明晰植被对多年冻土退化的响应。研究表明：(1)长江源区NDVI自1988年以来平均增加速率为0.003 1/a，绿化区域占总源区的91.9%，褐化区域占总源区的7.1%；(2)随着地表沉降速率增大，植被绿化速率加快，但沉降速率高于25 mm/a时，NDVI增长速率逐渐减缓，当沉降速率进一步增加时，甚至一些地区表现出了明显的NDVI减小情况；(3)热融滑塌的出现显著破坏了发生区域内植被，但周围120 m范围内植被发育情况好于全源区平均水平，热融湖塘区及其周围60 m范围内的植被绿化程度落后于全源区平均水平。长江源植被区域褐化比例为7.1%[只统计褐化植被/植被区域（NDVI>0.1部分）]，其中多年冻土退化直接影响了29.6%的褐化植被（只统计褐化植被中有明显冻土影响信号的部分占褐化区域比重）。

本文使用1988—2021年较高空间分辨率的Landsat卫星遥感数据细致分析了位于青藏高原腹地的长江源区植被绿度变化情况，并使用地表长期形变速率、热融湖塘及热融滑塌分布定量描述多年冻土退化状态并由此明晰植被对多年冻土退化的响应。研究表明：(1)长江源区NDVI自1988年以来平均增加速率为0.003 1/a，绿化区域占总源区的91.9%，褐化区域占总源区的7.1%；(2)随着地表沉降速率增大，植被绿化速率加快，但沉降速率高于25 mm/a时，NDVI增长速率逐渐减缓，当沉降速率进一步增加时，甚至一些地区表现出了明显的NDVI减小情况；(3)热融滑塌的出现显著破坏了发生区域内植被，但周围120 m范围内植被发育情况好于全源区平均水平，热融湖塘区及其周围60 m范围内的植被绿化程度落后于全源区平均水平。长江源植被区域褐化比例为7.1%[只统计褐化植被/植被区域（NDVI>0.1部分）]，其中多年冻土退化直接影响了29.6%的褐化植被（只统计褐化植被中有明显冻土影响信号的部分占褐化区域比重）。

Extreme weather events are increasing the frequency and intensity of forest fires, generating serious environmental and socio-economic impacts. These fires cause soil loss through erosion, organic matter depletion, increased surface runoff and the release of greenhouse gases, intensifying climate change. They also affect biodiversity, terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, and soil quality. The assessment of forest fires by remote sensing, such as the use of the Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), allows rapid analysis of damaged areas, monitoring of vegetation changes and the design of restoration strategies. On the other hand, models such as RUSLE are key tools for calculating soil erosion and planning conservation measures. A study of the impacts on soils and vegetation in the south of Salamanca, where one of the worst fires in the province took place in 2022, has been carried out using RUSLE and NDVI models, respectively. The study confirms that fires significantly affect soil properties, increase erosion and hinder vegetation recovery, highlighting the need for effective restoration strategies. It was observed that erosion intensifies after fires (the maximum rate of soil loss before is 1551.85 t/ha/year, while after it is 4899.42 t/ha/year) especially in areas with steeper slopes, which increases soil vulnerability, according to the RUSLE model. The NDVI showed a decrease in vegetation recovery in the most affected areas (with a maximum value of 0.3085 after the event and 0.4677 before), indicating a slow regeneration process. The generation of detailed cartographies is essential to identify critical areas and prioritise conservation actions. Furthermore, the study highlights the importance of implementing restoration measures, designing sustainable agricultural strategies and developing environmental policies focused on the mitigation of land degradation and the recovery of fire-affected ecosystems.

Soil salinization threatens global agriculture, reducing crop productivity and food security. Developing strategies to improve salt tolerance is crucial for sustainable agriculture. This study examines the role of organic fertilizer in mitigating salt stress in rice (Oryza sativa L.) by integrating NDVI and metabolomics. Using salt-sensitive (19X) and salt-tolerant (HHZ) cultivars, we aimed to (1) evaluate changes in NDVI and metabolite content under salt stress, (2) assess the regulatory effects of organic fertilizer, and (3) identify key metabolites involved in stress response and fertilizer-induced regulation. Under salt stress, survival rate of the 19X plants dropped to 6%, while HHZ maintained 38%, with organic fertilizer increasing survival rate to 25% in 19X and 66% in HHZ. NDVI values declined sharply in 19X (from 0.56 to <0.25) but remained stable in HHZ (similar to 0.56), showing a strong correlation with survival rate (R-2 = 0.87, p < 0.01). NDVI provided a dynamic, non-destructive assessment of rice health, offering a faster and more precise evaluation of salt tolerance than survival rate analysis. Metabolomic analysis identified 12 key salt-tolerant metabolites, including citric acid, which is well recognized for regulating salt tolerance. HTPA, pipecolic acid, maleamic acid, and myristoleic acid have previously been reported but require further study. Additionally, seven novel salt-tolerant metabolites-tridecylic acid, propentofylline, octadeca penten-3-one, 14,16-dihydroxy-benzoxacyclotetradecine-dione, cyclopentadecanolide, HpODE, and (+/-)8,9-DiHETE-were discovered, warranting further investigation. Organic fertilizer alleviated salt stress through distinct metabolic mechanisms in each cultivar. In 19X, it enhanced antioxidant defenses and energy metabolism, mitigating oxidative damage and improving fatty acid metabolism. In contrast, HHZ primarily benefitted from improved membrane stability and ion homeostasis, reducing lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress. These findings primarily support the identification and screening of salt-tolerant rice cultivars while also highlighting the need for cultivar-specific fertilization strategies to optimize stress resilience and crop performance. Based on the correlation analysis, 26 out of 53 differential metabolites were significantly correlated with NDVI, confirming a strong association between NDVI shifts and key metabolic changes in response to salt stress and organic fertilizer application. By integrating NDVI and metabolomics, this study provides a refined method for evaluating salt stress responses, capturing early NDVI changes and key salinity stress biomarkers. This approach may prove valuable for application in salt-tolerant variety screening, precision agriculture, and sustainable farming, contributing to scientific strategies for future crop improvement and agricultural resilience.

The use of sensor technology is essential in managing fertilization, especially in urban landscape where excessive fertilization is a common issue that can lead to environmental damage and increased costs. This study focused on optimizing nitrogen fertilizer application for Satinleaf (Chrysophyllum oliviforme), a native Florida plant commonly used in South Florida landscaping. Fertilizer with an 8N-3P-9K formulation was applied in six different treatments: 15 g (control), 15 g (15 g twice; T1), 15 g (15 g once; T2), 30 g (15 g twice; T3), 30 g (15 g once; T4), and 45 g (15 g twice; T5). Evaluations of plant growth and nutrient status were conducted at several intervals: baseline (0), and 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, and 180 days post-fertilizer application. Three types of optical sensors-GreenSeeker (TM), SPAD meter, and atLEAF chlorophyll sensor - were used to monitor chlorophyll levels as an indicator of nitrogen content. The study found that the 30 g (15 g twice; T3) treatment was most effective in promoting plant growth and increasing nitrogen content in leaves and soil, while the 45 g (15 g twice; T5) treatment resulted in higher nutrient runoff, indicating potential environmental risks. These findings emphasize the value of using optical sensors for precise nitrogen management in plant nurseries to enhance growth, lower costs, and minimize environmental impact.

Major earthquakes in mountainous areas usually exert negative impacts on vegetation cover and growth due the numerous coseismic landslides. However, understanding of the duration of these impacts and spatiotemporal dynamics of vegetation recovery dominated by environmental factors remains limited. The present study aimed to investigate the spatiotemporal dynamics of natural vegetation restoration and associated mechanisms in a mountainous basin in southwestern China after the 2008 Wenchuan Ms 8.0 earthquake. The results showed that the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) substantially decreased from 0.70 to 0.47 after the earthquake and then gradually increased at an average rate of 0.020 yr(- 1). By 2023, vegetation had been restored to its pre-earthquake levels in 84.9% of the total area. And 15.1% of the land remains unrecovered, with 11.7% covered by landslide slump mass. Approximately 4.16% of the entire basin is projected to recover in the future (theta(slope) > 0, H > 0.5) over a seven-year period. Elevation was the most crucial factor influencing both the damage and recovery of vegetation in the basin, followed by landslide slump mass and soil type. The overall vegetation recovery potential is limited, with an average vegetation restoration potential index (VRPI) of 0.21 in 2023. Notably, 11.2% of the basin exhibited a VRPI > 0.4, mainly situated in the northernmost part, characterized by high altitude (> 3000 m), carbonate-cinnamon soil, and dense distribution of landslide slump mass. The results indicate that natural vegetation has a robust capacity for recovery, albeit hindered by active landslides and fragile high-altitude habitats, where human intervention should be implemented. The results provide valuable information to guide future vegetation restoration planning and layout in Wenchuan earthquake-stricken areas.

In permafrost regions, vegetation growth is influenced by both climate conditions and the effects of permafrost degradation. Climate factors affect multiple aspects of the environment, while permafrost degradation has a significant impact on soil moisture and nutrient availability, both of which are crucial for ecosystem health and vegetation growth. However, the quantitative analysis of climate and permafrost remains largely unknown, hindering our ability to predict future vegetation changes in permafrost regions. Here, we used statistical methods to analyze the NDVI change in the permafrost region from 1982 to 2022. We employed correlation analysis, multiple regression residual analysis and partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) methods to examine the impacts of different environmental factors on NDVI changes. The results show that the average NDVI in the study area from 1982 to 2022 is 0.39, with NDVI values in 80% of the area remaining stable or exhibiting an increasing trend. NDVI had the highest correlation with air temperature, averaging 0.32, with active layer thickness coming in second at 0.25. Climate change plays a dominant role in NDVI variations, with a relative contribution rate of 89.6%. The changes in NDVI are positively influenced by air temperature, with correlation coefficients of 0.92. Although the active layer thickness accounted for only 7% of the NDVI changes, its influence demonstrated an increasing trend from 1982 to 2022. Overall, our results suggest that temperature is the primary factor influencing NDVI variations in this region.