To address the challenge of the complex and extensive seismic design elements of tunnels, which are difficult to be accurately described using mathematical functions, a novel model combining convolutional neural networks (CNN), gated recurrent units (GRU), and an attention mechanism is proposed. Firstly, based on actual engineering examples, the tunnel dimensions and site soil information are determined to establish a numerical model of tunnel seismic response and verify its reliability. Then, the soil parameters, seismic motion amplitude, tunnel depth, and overlying water depth are selected for systematic analysis of the displacement momentum (DM) and time of maximum damage occurrence (TMDO). The parameters with higher influence are chosen as input variables, while the calculated DM and TMDO from the reliable numerical model are selected as the output variables to be predicted. Next, integrating the GRU model to capture long-term dependencies in time series, the CNN model to extract spatial features, and the attention mechanism to handle complex relationships among multiple variables, the CNN-GRU-Attention prediction model was established. By generating dataset samples through numerical simulation, accurate predictions of DM and TMDO were achieved. Finally, using the proposed model to establish the objective function relationship between input and output parameters, employing the NonDominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA-II) to find the optimal input design features, achieving the optimal design of tunnel seismic performance. The results show that: (1) The calculation results of the numerical model for tunnel seismic response conform to general research findings, indicating sufficient reliability. (2) The error compensation and dynamic updating mechanisms improved prediction accuracy. The R2 values for the training set reach 0.973 and 0.982 respectively. (3) Optimizing DM and TMDO using the NSGA-II algorithm leads to a 23.42% reduction in DM and a 18.71% increase in TMDO. After optimization, tunnel displacement is reduced, damage is delayed, and seismic performance is significantly improved.

Soil microorganisms play a pivotal role in the biogeochemical cycles of alpine meadow ecosystems, especially in the context of permafrost thaw. However, the mechanisms driving microbial community responses to environmental changes, such as variations in active layer thickness (ALT) of permafrost, remain poorly understood. This study utilized next-generation sequencing to explore the composition and co-occur rence patterns of soil microbial communities, focusing on bacteria and micro-eukaryotes along a permafrost thaw gradient. The results showed a decline in bacterial alpha diversity with increasing permafrost thaw, whereas micro-eukaryotic diversity exhibi ted an opposite trend. Although changes in microbial community composition were observed in permafrost and seasonally frozen soils, these shifts were not statistically significant. Bacterial communities exhibited a greater differentiation between frozen and seasonally frozen soils, a pattern not mirrored in eukaryotic communities. Linear discriminant analysis effect size analysis revealed a higher number of potential biomark ers in bacterial communities compared with micro-eukaryotes. Bacterial co-occurrence networks were more complex, with more nodes, edges, and positive linkages than those of micro-eukaryotes. Key factors such as soil texture, ALT, and bulk density significantly influenced bacterial community structures, particularly affecting the relative abundan ces of the Acidobacteria, Proteobacteria, and Actinobacteria phyla. In contrast, fungal communities (e.g., Nucletmycea, Rhizaria, Chloroplastida, and Discosea groups) were more affected by electrical conductivity, vegetation coverage, and ALT. This study highlights the distinct responses of soil bacteria and micro-eukaryotes to permafrost thaw, offering insights into microbial community stability under global climate change.

Soil freeze-thaw cycles (FTCs) are common in temperate agricultural ecosystems during the non-growing season and are progressively influenced by climate change. The impact of these cycles on soil microbial communities, crucial for ecosystem functioning, varies under different agricultural management practices. Here, we investigated the dynamic changes in soil microbial communities in a Mollisol during seasonal FTCs and examined the effects of stover mulching and nitrogen fertilization. We revealed distinct responses between bacterial and fungal communities. The dominant bacterial phyla reacted differently to FTCs: for example, Proteobacteria responded opportunistically, Actinobacteria, Acidobacteria, Choroflexi and Gemmatimonadetes responded sensitively, and Saccharibacteria exhibited a tolerance response. In contrast, the fungal community composition remained relatively stable during FTCs, except for a decline in Glomeromycota. Certain bacterial OTUs acted as sensitive indicators of FTCs, forming keystone modules in the network that are closely linked to soil carbon, nitrogen content and potential functions. Additionally, neither stover mulching nor nitrogen fertilization significantly influenced microbial richness, diversity and potential functions. However, over time, more indicator species specific to these agricultural practices began to emerge within the networks and gradually occupied the central positions. Furthermore, our findings suggest that farming practices, by introducing keystone microbes and changing interspecies interactions (even without changing microbial richness and diversity), can enhance microbial community stability against FTC disturbances. Specifically, higher nitrogen input with stover removal promotes fungal stability during soil freezing, while lower nitrogen levels increase bacterial stability during soil thawing. Considering the fungal tolerance to FTCs, we recommend reducing nitrogen input for manipulating bacterial interactions, thereby enhancing overall microbial resilience to seasonal FTCs. In summary, our research reveals that microbial responses to seasonal FTCs are reshaped through land management to support ecosystem functions under environmental stress amid climate change.

In landslide studies, particle size is a key quantitative indicator, reflecting the formation and development of the sliding zone. It plays a crucial role in understanding the mechanisms and evolutionary processes that lead to landslide occurrences. Precise measurement of particle size is crucial. This study centered on soil samples from the Lanniqing landslide in Southwest China. To begin, seven distinct methods were used to preprocess the soil samples. Next, the particle size frequency distribution was measured using the Mastersizer 2000 laser particle size analyzer. Key parameters, including median particle size, mean particle size, sorting coefficient, skewness, and kurtosis, were then compared and analyzed to determine the most appropriate preprocessing method for evaluating the characteristics of the soil samples. The mechanism of landslide occurrence was subsequently analyzed by examining the particle size characteristics, mechanical properties, and mineral composition of the soil samples. The results suggested that method C provides the most reliable analysis of particle size characteristics in soil samples. The observed coarsening of coarse particles, along with a significant increase in clay content within the sliding zone, indicates that the sliding surface has undergone multiple shear and compression events. The interplay of the upper traffic load and slope cutting at the front edge set the stage for the Lanniqing landslide, prompting the initial development of potential sliding surfaces. Rainfall acts as a catalyst for slope instability. The high clay content, combined with the formation of a low-permeability layer rich in clay minerals on the sliding surface, leads to excessive pore water pressure and mineral lubrication. These factors inherently trigger and accelerate the occurrence of the landslide.

Trichlorobenzenes (TCBs), comprising the isomers 1,2,3-, 1,2,4-, and 1,3,5-TCB, disrupt metabolic processes by inducing liver enzymes involved in xenobiotic metabolism, suggesting a broad toxicological impact. Specifically, exposure to TCBs is associated with significant organ-specific toxicities, such as increased liver and kidney weights in rodents and cytotoxic effects in mammalian cells, which include DNA damage without metabolic activation. Used extensively in industrial and agricultural sectors, TCBs are prevalent pollutants in various ecosystems, including air, food, surface water, groundwater, sediment, soil, and sewage. This is a concern because of their tendency to accumulate in lipid-containing tissues of animals and humans and potentially serious risks to human health and ecosystems. Information showing the presence of TCBs in food, drinking water, and even human breast milk underscores the need for ongoing assessment of the extent of these contaminants in food to measure the potential exposure to these chemicals. TCBs are extracted from various food sample matrices, and then instrumental analysis is performed, typically gas chromatography (GC) coupled with a variety of detectors. This review discusses the occurrence and risk assessment of TCBs in foods, as well as the toxicology and analytical methods related to TCBs.

Atrazine, a herbicide used for controlling broadleaf weeds, has been one of the predominant pollutants constituting 80-90% of detection frequency in the samples collected from rivers, estuaries, oceans, sediments, agricultural lands, and crops. The fate of atrazine is highly unpredictable depending on the physio-chemical, physiological and geographical conditions. Range of metabolites such as deethylatrazine (DEA), deisopropyl atrazine (DIA), and didealkylatrzine (DDA) are formed as a result of biotic as well as abiotic degradation process in the environment following cyanuric acid, ammelide, CO2 and NH3 are formed as final products. Atrazine degraded products has shown more hazardous nature than the parent compound, atrazine. Atrazine is banned in Italy, India, Germany and European union but widely used in China, Australian, Canadian and US agriculture. To date, reviews evaluating the assimilation of synerigistic treatment technologies and comparative degration mechanism have not been highlighted. This work focuses on (1) the spatiotemporal distribution of atrazine and its metabolites globally and the factors governing it (2) provides an in-depth discussion about the various studies showing the toxicity of atrazine in microbes, cattle, human, terrestrial and aquatic organisms; (3) discusses the contaminants of emerging concern which are continuously replacing atrazine like terbuthylazine and their intermediate compounds posing more risk to wildlife and humans; (4) summarises the different treatment technologies which have been predominantly applied for the removal of atrazine in water and soil systems and also discusses the synergistic or mutualistic aspects of treatment methods in degrading atrazine.

Soil organic matter (SOM) usually occurs in mineral-associated or particulate forms, with significant variations in the physical and chemical properties among different forms of organic matter. In soil mechanics, there has been focusing on the influence of SOM content on the macroscopic engineering properties of soil. To date, limited knowledge exists regarding the influence of SOM occurrence form on soil engineering properties. In this study, soil samples with different SOM contents w(u) were manually prepared, and the contents of various occurrence forms of SOM were measured using Fu's method. Direct shear tests were conducted under drained and undrained conditions to elucidate the variation in ultimate shear strength and shear strength parameters with SOM content w(u), while also examining the impact of SOM occurrence form on the shear strength of organic soil. The experimental outcomes are as follows. The internal friction angle undergoes a notable decrease with increasing w(u) under undrained conditions, which can be categorized into three distinct stages: a significant decline (Stage I), a transition phase (Stage II), and a stable change (Stage III). w(u) corresponding to the endpoint of stage I approximates the threshold w(u,2), suggesting that the pronounced reduction in internal friction angle with w(u) augmentation primarily occurs in organic soils dominated by mineral-associated SOM. Stage III emerges approximately after w(u) > 25%. Under drainage conditions, the internal friction angle diminishes with w(u) augmentation, yet its variation is independent of the occurrence form of SOM. No discernible correlation exists between cohesion of organic soil and occurrence form of SOM under drained and undrained conditions. Mechanism analysis reveals that mineral-associated SOM facilitates lubrication and diminishes friction between soil particles under undrained conditions. When the content of particulate form SOM reaches a critical threshold, the mechanical properties of the soil transforms from a frictional material to a colloidal material. Nevertheless, under drainage conditions, SOM's susceptibility to compression results in the soil skeleton ultimately comprising primarily mineral soil particles, regardless of SOM content or occurrence form.

Yam is an important medicinal and edible dual-purpose plant with high economic value. However, nematode damage severely affects its yield and quality. One of the major effects of nematode infestations is the secondary infection of pathogenic bacteria or fungi through entry wounds made by the nematodes. Understanding the response of the symbiotic microbial community of yam plants to nematodes is crucial for controlling such a disease. In this study, we investigated the rhizosphere and how endophytic microbiomes shift after nematode infection during the tuber expansion stage in the Dioscorea opposita Thunb. cultivar Tiegun. Our results revealed that soil depth affected the abundance of nematodes, and the relative number of Meloidogyne incognita was higher in the diseased soil at a depth of 16 to 40 cm than those at a depth of 0 to 15 and 41 to 70 cm. The abundance of and interactions among soil microbiota members were significantly correlated with root-knot nematode (RKN) parasitism at various soil depths. However, the comparison of the microbial alpha-diversity and composition between healthy and diseased rhizosphere soil showed no difference. Compared with healthy soils, the co-occurrence networks of M. incognita-infested soils included a higher ratio of positive correlations linked to plant health. In addition, we detected a higher abundance of certain taxonomic groups belonging to Chitinophagaceae and Xanthobacteraceae in the rhizosphere of RKN-infested plants. The nematodes, besides causing direct damage to plants, also possess the ability to act synergistically with other pathogens, especially Ramicandelaber and Fusarium, leading to the development of disease complexes. In contrast to soil samples, RKN parasitism specifically had a significant effect on the composition and assembly of the root endophytic microbiota. The RKN colonization impacted a wide variety of endophytic microbiomes, including Pseudomonas, Sphingomonas, Rhizobium, Neocosmospora, and Fusarium. This study revealed the relationship between RKN disease and changes in the rhizosphere and endophytic microbial community, which may provide novel insights that help improve biological management of yam RKNs.

Environmentally persistent free radicals are long-lived pollutants that maintain stability in air, soil, and water. They contribute to the production of reactive oxygen species in environmental media, leading to oxidative stress in biological organisms. This stress can provoke inflammation and damage to biological macromolecules, potentially resulting in cardiopulmonary dysfunction. In this review, we discuss the formation and classification of EPFRs. Typically, EPFRs form through electron transfer from organic compounds to transition metals during thermal processes. In metal-free environments, however, organic compounds can undergo bond cleavage, generating EPFRs under thermal conditions and light exposure. EPFRs are generally categorized into three types: oxygen-centered, carbon-centered, and those containing heteroatoms centered on either oxygen or carbon. We also provide a detailed summary of the fundamental characteristics of EPFRs in different environments such as air, soil, and water. Given their role as electron donors, EPFRs have potential applications in degrading organic pollutants in the environment. The review comprehensively addresses the deleterious impacts of EPFRs on organism health, highlighting risks to metabolic functions and cardiopulmonary health. Furthermore, it underscores the potential involvement of EPFRs as electron donors in atmospheric chemical reactions. The pivotal role of EPFRs in environmental pollutant transformation warrants more studies in future research endeavors.

The leaching of ionic rare earth elements has caused serious environmental pollution and ecological damage. Microorganisms play a crucial role in soil ecosystems and are one of the most important components of these systems. However, there are fewer studies related to the changes that occur in microbial community structure and diversity before and after leaching in ionic rare earth mines. In this study, Illumina high-throughput sequencing was used to examine the diversity and composition of soil microorganisms on the summit, hillside, and foot valley surfaces of unleached and leached mines after in situ leaching. The results showed that microbial diversity and abundance in the surface soil of the unleached mine were higher than those in the leached mine, and leaching had a significant impact on the microbial community of mining soil. pH was the main factor affecting the microbial community. Proteobacteria, Actinobacteriota, and Chloroflexi were phyla that showed high abundance in the soil. Network analysis showed that microbial interactions can improve microbial adaptation and stability in harsh environments. PICRUSt2 predictions indicate functional changes and linkages in soil microbial communities.