Crude oil leakage occurs frequently during exploration, storage, transportation, production, and consumption. The spilling of crude oil has the potential to contaminate the ocean, soil, and groundwater. Oil spills during oil extraction and transportation, such as from drilling wells, rigs, transport tanks, and pipelines, are an important cause of extensive environmental damage because they significantly decrease the diversity of aquatic life and disrupt the biological equilibrium of the ocean. It also damages the world's energy economy. Cleaning crude oil spills from marine or ocean environments is a highly challenging task because of the spilt oil's properties and limited mobility to the accidental site. This article focuses primarily on the various technologies used in the cleanup of oil spillage in marine or ocean environments, as well as their recent trends and challenges. This research work begins with a discussion of the historical events and the primary roots of oil spills, the composition of the spilt oil, the effects they have on the surrounding environment, the governmental rules for oil spills, and methods for cleaning up marine oil spills such as physical, thermal, biological, and chemical are briefly covered along with their benefits and drawbacks. This work discusses the software and artificial intelligence-related technologies prevailing for oil spill modelling and their current limitations.

Wars have serious negative effects on the total environment. This study reviews 193 case studies worldwide in order to better understand these impacts and their potential management before, during and after war. The synthesis of the evidence shows that military actions damage landscape resources. Aerial bombings have great negative impacts by damaging environmental conservation efforts, destroying trees, disturbing soilscapes and undermining soil health. In addition, war exterminates wildlife and their ecological niches and contributes to atmospheric and water pollution. Overall, military leaders and personnel have shown little concern about these impacts. Limited postwar restoration activities are also undertaken to reduce war-driven environmental impacts. The study highlights some good practices on how to manage the total environment during the warfare. Therefore, communities must share best lessons to remain in a sustainable peace, restore the war -damaged environment, and enhance sustainable economic development.