We use a landscape evolution model to infer the effect of Late Pleistocene climate change on the incision-aggradation behaviour of the Rhine-Meuse fluvial system. We model the routing of runoff and sediment in the catchment in order to predict grainsize trends and the incision and aggradation behaviour in the downstream reach, where we compare it to the sequence of events and grainsize characteristics inferred from borehole corings. This sequence starts with an important incision taking place around the MIS 3 to MIS 2 climatic transition. During the coldest part of MIS 2, a coarse-grained sedimentary unit is deposited that shows an upward increase in the sand/gravel ratio. The model experiments do not predict an incision at the MIS 3 to MIS 2 transition. Therefore, the incision should be attributed to other causes, most likely effects of glacio-isostatic uplift. However, a relative upward increase in sand content of the sediments is predicted by the model. This increase is the result of the difference in transport rates between sand and gravel. Starting from a homogeneous pre-existing (MIS 3) deposit, the gravel content in the active layer increases because the sand is removed quickly and transported further downstream, whereas the gravel travels slowly and piles up with gravel originating from immediately upstream, resulting in a net accumulation. At a later stage, sand originating from much further upstream progrades fan-like over the gravelly deposits. According to the record, during the early Late Glacial warming part of MIS 2 (Bolling-Allerod interstadial), neither incision nor aggradation has taken place. This is in accordance with modelling results which show that, despite the reduction of sediment input due to re-vegetation of hillslopes, sufficient sediment remains available for fluvial transport in the channel network itself. It takes several thousands of years before effects of sediment depletion in the catchment are noted downstream. That is why we argue that the inferred incision at the late Late Glacial (the start of the Younger Dryas) in our downstream study area might reflect depletion effects related to the preceding early Late Glacial conditions. In general, our modelling results show that terraces along one large fluvial system are diachronic features. in particular, terrace surfaces are older upstream compared to downstream. In addition, complex responses to climate change are likely to occur in a large fluvial system like the Rhine-Meuse, and correlation of morphological features in the fluvial record to specific short term palaeo-climatic events, for example Dansgaard-Oeschger events could be risky without consideration of catchment (size) characteristics and associated response times. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

This paper reviews the literature on cold-adapted micro-organisms which might exist in ice and permafrost. Properly identified, microbial markers in the cryolithozone could be used in palaeoenvironmental reconstructions, in distinguishing between epigenetic and syngenetic depositional sequences, and in the recognition of secondary thaw unconformities. Cryobiological problems include (1) whether the bacteria are dead, dormant or in the active state, and (2) what factors determine the preservation of cell structures. A possible consequence of permafrost thawing, based upon predicted global warming scenarios, is that there may be an increase in microbial activity and an increase in active layer thickness.