AimsHigh root tensile strength (RTS) is crucial for tree stability, windthrow resistance, soil reinforcement, and erosion control. However, RTS varies across species, and the underlying causes remain poorly understood. RTS is directly linked to anatomical structure and fiber morphology, which influence its resistance to stress. This study explores the relationship between xylem anatomy and RTS in four broadleaved species-Acer velutinum, Fagus orientalis, Quercus castaneifolia, and Carpinus betulus-from the Hyrcanian forests of Iran.MethodsRTS was measured, and fiber biometry, including fiber length, width, lumen width, and wall thickness, was quantified on macerated fibers. Vessel lumen fraction was also assessed through microscopic examination of root cross-sections.ResultsA. velutinum (Persian maple) exhibited the highest RTS, while F. orientalis displayed the lowest. A negative power relationship was observed between root diameter and RTS. Among fiber traits, fiber length and width had the strongest positive influence on RTS. Persian maple, as the species with strongest root, possessed the longest and widest fibers. Conversely, F. orientalis, the weakest one, displayed the shortest and thinnest fibers with the most robust cell walls. The relationship between quantitative vascular features of xylem and RTS was inconclusive, across species.ConclusionThis study revealed the complex interplay between xylem anatomical traits and RTS. Fiber characteristics, particularly a dense network of long, wide, and more flexible fibers, were found to strengthen root. Further research should explore the interplay of multiple anatomical features to provide a comprehensive understanding of RTS.

Widespread shrubification across the Arctic has been generally attributed to increasing air temperatures, but responses vary across species and sites. Wood structures related to the plant hydraulic architecture may respond to local environmental conditions and potentially impact shrub growth, but these relationships remain understudied. Using methods of dendroanatomy, we analysed shrub ring width (RW) and xylem anatomical traits of 80 individuals of Salix glauca L. and Betula nana L. at a snow manipulation experiment in Western Greenland. We assessed how their responses differed between treatments (increased versus ambient snow depth) and soil moisture regimes (wet and dry). Despite an increase in snow depth due to snow fences (28-39 %), neither RW nor anatomical traits in either species showed significant responses to this increase. In contrast, irrespective of the snow treatment, the xylem specific hydraulic conductivity (Ks) and earlywood vessel size (LA95) for the study period were larger in S. glauca (p < 0.1, p < 0.01) and B. nana (p < 0.01, p < 0.001) at the wet than the dry site, while both species had larger vessel groups at the dry than the wet site (p < 0.01). RW of B. nana was higher at the wet site (p < 0.01), but no differences were observed for S. glauca. Additionally, B. nana Ks and LA95 showed different trends over the study period, with decreases observed at the dry site (p < 0.001), while for other responses no difference was observed. Our results indicate that, taking into account ontogenetic and allometric trends, hydraulic related xylem traits of both species, along with B. nana growth, were influenced by soil moisture. These findings suggest that soil moisture regime, but not snow cover, may determine xylem responses to future climate change and thus add to the heterogeneity of Arctic shrub dynamics, though more longterm species- and site- specific studies are needed.

Global warming is most pronounced in high-latitude regions by altering habitat conditions and affecting permafrost degradation, which may significantly influence tree productivity and vegetation changes. In this study, by applying a space-for-time approach, we selected three plots of Larix gmelinii forest from a continuous permafrost zone in Siberia with different thermo-hydrological soil regimes and ground cover vegetation with the objective of assessing how tree growth and productivity will change under different stages of permafrost degradation. A tree-ring multi-proxy characterization of mature trees was used to identify shift in ecophysiological responses related to the modified plant-soil system. Variability of tree-ring width (1975-2009), stable isotope ratios (oxygen and carbon, 2000-2009) and xylem structural characteristics (2000-2009) under climatic conditions of particular years indicated that an increased depth of the soil active layer will initially lead to increase of tree productivity. However, due to an expected water use increase through transpiration, the system might progressively shift from a temperature to a moisture-limited environment. (C) 2015 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.