Crude oil leakage occurs frequently during exploration, storage, transportation, production, and consumption. The spilling of crude oil has the potential to contaminate the ocean, soil, and groundwater. Oil spills during oil extraction and transportation, such as from drilling wells, rigs, transport tanks, and pipelines, are an important cause of extensive environmental damage because they significantly decrease the diversity of aquatic life and disrupt the biological equilibrium of the ocean. It also damages the world's energy economy. Cleaning crude oil spills from marine or ocean environments is a highly challenging task because of the spilt oil's properties and limited mobility to the accidental site. This article focuses primarily on the various technologies used in the cleanup of oil spillage in marine or ocean environments, as well as their recent trends and challenges. This research work begins with a discussion of the historical events and the primary roots of oil spills, the composition of the spilt oil, the effects they have on the surrounding environment, the governmental rules for oil spills, and methods for cleaning up marine oil spills such as physical, thermal, biological, and chemical are briefly covered along with their benefits and drawbacks. This work discusses the software and artificial intelligence-related technologies prevailing for oil spill modelling and their current limitations.

Lead (Pb) is a highly toxic contaminant that is ubiquitously present in the ecosystem and poses severe environmental issues, including hazards to soil-plant systems. This review focuses on the uptake, accumulation, and translocation of Pb metallic ions and their toxicological effects on plant morpho-physiological and biochemical attributes. We highlight that the uptake of Pb metal is controlled by cation exchange capacity, pH, size of soil particles, root nature, and other physiochemical limitations. Pb toxicity obstructs seed germination, root/shoot length, plant growth, and final crop-yield. Pb disrupts the nutrient uptake through roots, alters plasma membrane permeability, and disturbs chloroplast ultrastructure that triggers changes in respiration as well as transpiration activities, creates the reactive oxygen species (ROS), and activates some enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants. Pb also impairs photosynthesis, disrupts water balance and mineral nutrients, changes hormonal status, and alters membrane structure and permeability. This review provides consolidated information concentrating on the current studies associated with Pb-induced oxidative stress and toxic conditions in various plants, highlighting the roles of different antioxidants in plants mitigating Pb-stress. Additionally, we discussed detoxification and tolerance responses in plants by regulating different gene expressions, protein, and glutathione metabolisms to resist Pb-induced phytotoxicity. Overall, various approaches to tackle Pb toxicity have been addressed; the phytoremediation techniques and biochar amendments are economical and eco-friendly remedies for improving Pb-contaminated soils.