The frequent occurrence of earthquakes worldwide has rendered highway slope protection projects highly vulnerable to damage from seismic events and their secondary disasters. This severely hampers the smooth implementation of post-disaster rescue and recovery efforts. To address this challenge, this study proposes a comprehensive method for assessing seismic losses in slope protection projects, incorporating factors such as topography and elevation to enhance its universality. The method categorizes seismic losses into two main components: damage to protection structures and costs associated with landslide and rockfall clearance and transportation. This study estimates the cost range for common protection structures and clearance methods under general conditions based on widely recognized quota data in China. It establishes criteria for classifying the damage states of protection structures and provides loss ratio values based on real-world seismic examples and expert experience, constructing a model for assessing damage losses. Additionally, by summarizing the geometric characteristics of soil and rock accumulations on road surfaces, a method for estimating landslide volumes is proposed, considering the dynamic impact of slope gradients on clearance and transportation volumes, and a corresponding cost assessment model for clearance and transportation is developed. The feasibility and reliability of the proposed method are verified through two case studies. The results demonstrate that the method is easy to implement and provides a scientific basis for improving relevant standards and practices. It also offers an efficient and scientific tool for loss assessment to industry practitioners.

Local site characterization and regional tectonic environment are crucial when designing earthquake-resistant bridges. Insufficient understanding of these factors can lead to significant seismic damages and low resilience of bridge components. In this study, the seismic loss and resilience of bridges located in soft soil are examined based on proposed fragility functions at both the individual element and system levels. The effects of aging and construction quality are also taken into account to evaluate the seismic performance of bridges. The findings of this study revealed that bridges in soil class D are the most vulnerable in all seismic and structural integrity scenarios. Bridges with inadequate seismic design may not have the necessary flexibility to absorb and dissipate seismic energy. The findings of this study can also contribute to evaluating transportation network functionality and decision-making procedures within a designated framework for disaggregation in any earthquake scenario