2021 is the first year of China's 14th Five-Year Plan and the first five years when China has embarked on a new journey to become a comprehensive and modern socialist country. Its meaning is self-evident. One of them will focus on green and low-carbon development, continue to improve environmental quality, improve the quality and stability of ecosystems, and comprehensively reform the utilization rate of resources. As a new round of transportation infrastructure construction to accelerate the further increase of building materials demand, large-scale solid waste recycling industrial production is on the agenda such as bulk solid waste, titanium slag powder not only occupies a lot of land resources, groundwater pollution, titanium slag powder in the natural environment also destroyed the environment, affect the sustainable development of economy. The so-called solidification material of titanium dioxide slag uses titanium dioxide slag, cement, curing agent, and lime as the main raw materials. After corresponding processing, a new type of titanium dioxide slag solidified soil is generated. Its mechanical properties and water resistance have reached technical requirements for pavement base application. This article focuses on the current situation of titanium dioxide slag, and in order to ensure the sustainable development of the industry, the application of road fluid new materials and their processes to improve and solidify titanium dioxide slag technology in transportation infrastructure engineering has achieved good results, truly turning waste into treasure. In view of the research results of this article, it is recommended that this technology should be promoted and applied in the future.

Comprehensive investigations have been conducted to study the structure and overconsolidation of upper Shanghai clays, i.e. Layers 2-6 clays, typically located at depths of 30-40 m. However, limited information is available on their anisotropy, and even less is known about the correlation between structure, overconsolidation, and anisotropy. In this study, the undrained anisotropy characteristics of shear strength and small-strain shear stiffness in upper Shanghai Layers 2-6 clays were thoroughly assessed using a series of K0-consolidated undrained triaxial compression (TC) and triaxial extension (TE) tests (K0 is the coefficient of lateral earth pressure at rest). The effective stress paths, shear strength, and small-strain shear stiffness from the undrained TC and TE tests demonstrate the anisotropic behaviors in upper Shanghai clays. Analyses of data from upper Shanghai clays and other clays worldwide indicate that the shear strength anisotropy ratio (Ks) converges at 0.8 as the overconsolidation ratio (OCR) and plasticity index (Ip) increase, while the small-strain shear stiffness anisotropy ratio (Re) converges at 1.0. The influence of OCR on Ks and Re is more pronounced than that of Ip and sensitivity (St). Nevertheless, no clear correlation between Ks and Re is observed in upper Shanghai clays. (c) 2025 Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/ 4.0/).

Shanghai soft clay is a typical marine clay with specific structural characteristics. The tunnel and overlying soft clay may undergo repeated surface surcharge loading, such as the temporary soil stacking. Assessing the extent of structured soft clay deformation and tunnel displacement caused by repeated surface surcharge loading is of great significance for evaluating of the safety of ground structures and underground tunnels. In this study, the effects of repeated surface surcharge loading on the soil and tunnel displacement were numerically investigated. The finite element code DBLEAVES with an elasto-plastic constitutive model (Shanghai model) that describes the mechanical properties and structural characteristics of natural clay was used to simulate the soil response. The parameters of the constitutive model were obtained through geotechnical testing. The effects of the soil structural characteristics, seepage conditions, and loading conditions on the soil response and tunnel displacement were analyzed. The numerical results show that the maximum excess pore pressure of clay decreased as the number of loading cycles increased. The effects of the structural characteristics cause greater displacement, whereas the effects of the degradation parameters of the structure are more significant than the initial degree of the structure. The differences in the vertical displacement of the tunnel and overlying soils owing to the structural characteristics become apparent with an increase in surface surcharge loading. However, the effects of structural characteristics become less significant as the depth increases. The seepage conditions and loading method primarily affect the build-up of excess pore pressure and the development of effective stress paths. For soils inside the surcharge area, a flexible surcharge produces a greater vertical displacement than a rigid surcharge. As the burial depth increased, the effects of the seepage conditions and loading method showed a declining tendency.

A Tethered balloon-based field campaign was launched for the vertical observation of air pollutants within the lower troposphere of 1000 m for the first time over a Chinese megacity, Shanghai in December of 2013. A custom-designed instrumentation platform for tethered balloon observation and ground-based observation synchronously operated for the measurement of same meteorological parameters and typical air pollutants. One episodic event (December 13) was selected with specific focus on particulate black carbon, a short-lived climate forcer with strong warming effect. Diurnal variation of the mixing layer height showed very shallow boundary of less than 300 m in early morning and night due to nocturnal inversion while extended boundary of more than 1000 m from noon to afternoon. Wind profiles showed relatively stagnant synoptic condition in the morning, frequent shifts between upward and downward motion at noon and in the afternoon, and dominant downward motion with sea breeze in the evening. Characteristics of black carbon vertical profiles during four different periods of a day were analyzed and compared. In the morning, surface BC concentration averaged as high as 20 mu g/m(3) due to intense traffic emissions from the morning rush hours and unfavorable meteorological conditions. A strong gradient of BC concentrations with altitude was observed from the ground to the top of boundary layer at around 250-370 m. BC gradients turned much smaller above the boundary layer. BC profiles measured during noon and afternoon were the least dependent on heights. The largely extended boundary layer with strong vertical convection was responsible for a well mixing of BC particles in the whole measured column. BC profiles were similar between the early-evening and late-evening phases. The lower troposphere was divided into two stratified air layers with contrasted BC vertical distributions. Profiles at night showed strong gradients from the relatively high surface concentrations to low concentrations near the top of the boundary layer around 200 m. Above the boundary layer, BC increased with altitudes and reached a maximum at the top of 1000 m. Prevailing sea breeze within the boundary layer was mainly responsible for the quick cleanup of BC in the lower altitudes. In contrast, continental outflow via regional transport was the major cause of the enhanced BC aloft. This study provides a first insight of the black carbon vertical profiles over Eastern China, which will have significant implications for narrowing the gaps between the source emissions and observations as well as improving estimations of BC radiative forcing and regional climate. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Knowledge of the distribution and sources of black carbon (BC) is essential to understanding its impact on radiative forcing and the establishment of a control strategy. In this study, we analyze atmospheric BC and its relationships with fine particles (PM2.5) and trace gases (CO, NOy and SO2) measured in the summer of 2005 in two areas frequently influenced by plumes from Beijing and Shanghai, the two largest cities in China. The results revealed different BC source characteristics for the two megacities. The average concentration of BC was 2.37 (+/- 1.79) and 5.47 (+/- 4.00) mu g m(-3), accounting for 3.1% and 7.8% of the PM2.5 mass, in Beijing and Shanghai, respectively. The good correlation between BC, CO and NOy (R-2 = 0.54-0.77) and the poor correlation between BC and SO2 suggest that diesel vehicles and marine vessels are the dominant sources of BC in the two urban areas during summer. The BC/CO mass ratio in the air mass from Shanghai was found to be much higher than that in the air mass from Beijing (0.0101 versus 0.0037 Delta gBC/Delta gCO), which is attributable to a larger contribution from diesel burning (diesel-powered vehicles and marine vessels) in Shanghai. Based on the measured ratios of BC/CO and annual emissions of CO, we estimate that the annual emissions of BC in Beijing and Shanghai are 9.51 Gg and 18.72 Gg, respectively. The improved emission rates of BC will help reduce the uncertainty in the assessment of the impact of megacities on regional climate. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.