Seismic resilience assessment is essential for maintaining the functionality of sheet-pile wharves in liquefiable soils, preventing significant damages and minimizing losses during earthquakes. This study delves into the seismic resilience of sheet-pile wharves, focusing specifically on the effectiveness of four different liquefaction countermeasure techniques: anchor lengths, cement deep mixing, stone columns, and soil compaction. As such, an advanced two-dimensional (2D) Finite Element (FE) computational framework is established, motivated by a typical large-scale sheet-pile wharf configuration. Within this framework, a recently developed multi-yield surfaces plasticity model is employed, with the modeling parameters calibrated through undrained stresscontrolled cyclic triaxial tests and a centrifuge test. Subsequently, the impacts of these liquefaction countermeasures on the seismic resilience of the sheet-pile wharves are systematically investigated. Additionally, the effectiveness of combining longer anchor lengths with the other three mitigation techniques to enhance the seismic resilience of the sheet-pile wharves are examined. It is demonstrated that the synergistic effects of different liquefaction countermeasures can further reduce the liquefaction potential, thereby improving the seismic resilience. Overall, the FE analysis technique and the resulting insights are highly significant for the seismic resilience assessment of equivalent sheet-pile wharves in liquefiable soils, particularly when implementing such liquefaction mitigation countermeasures.

The waterfront sheet -pile wall, retaining the saturated backfill, is susceptible to seismic damage due to the unbalanced forces between the backfill and toefill sides. In light of this concern, three dynamic centrifuge model tests were conducted at Zhejiang University under the framework of LEAP-RPI-2020. The centrifuge models, consisting of a dense layer and an overlying medium -dense layer, were fully saturated and retained by a cantilevered sheet -pile wall. This study aims to elucidate the dynamic responses of this soil -wall system subjected to varying shaking intensities, including acceleration responses, excess pore pressure ratios (r(u)) and shear strains in model soils, ground deformations and wall rotation. The results provide valuable insights into the liquefaction responses of the soil under mild to severe rotation of the sheet -pile wall. The mechanism of flow liquefaction triggered with r(u) < 1 was revealed by cyclic triaxial tests, which is defined as fluidization in this study. It qualitatively explains the phenomenon that the peak r(u) cannot reach unity in the vicinity of sheet -pile wall within the backfill. Furthermore, the efficacy of V-s -based liquefaction characterization model was examined in the saturated backfill, and the discrepancies mainly resulted from (1) the ignorance of fluidization in the traditional liquefaction criteria (i.e., r(u) = 1); and (2) an overestimation of the cyclic shear stresses in soils adjacent to sheet -pile wall.