This paper presents a consolidation model for stone column-reinforced soft ground subjected to time-dependent loading under free strain condition. Smear effects and three types of loadings, namely, constant loading, ramp loading, and sinusoidal loading, are considered in the developed consolidation model, which is solved by a numerical method based on a partial differential equation solver. The applicability of the proposed consolidation model and the reliability of the numerical method are demonstrated and verified by well-predicting the consolidation behaviors of two practical engineering cases and one laboratory experiment. The verified model and the numerical method are then employed to investigate the effects of smear zone and time-dependent loading on consolidation characteristics of stone column-improved soft ground. The results indicate that the excess pore water pressure undergoes a sharp change at the interface between the smear zone and the undisturbed zone due to smear effects. The smaller the range of the smear zone, the faster the settlement of the composite foundation develops. The faster the loading rate, the faster the dissipation of excess pore water pressure and the faster the settlement develops. In addition, for the foundation subjected to sinusoidal loading, the higher loading frequency results in a larger amplitude corresponding to the excess pore water pressure and a smaller amplitude corresponding to the settlement of the soil.

The combining of electroosmotic, vacuum, and surcharge preloading is an emerging technique for soft foundation treatment. Considering smear effects and free strain, an analytical solution for the radial consolidation of combined electroosmotic, vacuum, and surcharge preloading was derived based on the characteristic function method and Bessel function. The correctness of the proposed solution was verified by comparing with existing solutions and numerical results. On this basis, the influence of smear effects, vacuum pressure, surcharge load, and applied voltage on the consolidation characteristics of soil was further analyzed. The results showed that when the electroosmosis permeability coefficient of the undisturbed zone was greater than that of the smear zone, the excess pore-water pressure at the interface between the smear zone and the undisturbed zone increased in the early stage of consolidation owing to the electroosmotic effect. Vacuum pressure had a great influence on soil consolidation in the smear zone, while applied voltage had a great influence on the consolidation of soil in the undisturbed zone.