Research on urban flood risk has highlighted the need for more comprehensive flood risk assessments in low-income and vulnerable communities. This study aims to examine the causes, impacts and existing flood risk management measures in the Somali region of Ethiopia. The study used a mixed research methodology, including a cross-sectional survey, to collect original qualitative and quantitative data.. In addition to flood risk and vulnerability assessment, the study evaluated urban flood risk management measures through soil protection service curve number, production distribution network and supply chain risk management methods.The results suggest that flooding in Dolo-Ado is increasing due to heavy rainfall and flooding, as well as inadequate flood control measures and geographical location. Soil Conservation Service Curve Number analysis shows that the arid landscape of Dolo-ado is predominantly shrub and barren with significant differences in land cover types. The low infiltration capacity, high runoff potential and frequent heavy rainfall are the main factors contributing to the area's high soil vulnerability to flash floodsConsequently, qualitative results also confirm that this has resulted in extensive infrastructure damage, displacement, loss of livelihoods, ecosystem disruption and disruption to community life, as well as water and health problems. In addition, flood risks are more severe for vulnerable urban communities, impacting services, the economy and the environment. Therefore, inadequate preventive measures for effective supply chain management are urgent and crucial for resilience. This study implies that urban planning and policies should be changed and prioritize the integration of production distribution networks and flood risk management in the supply chain to effectively mitigate floods. Climate change-responsive and integrated urban planning, improved drainage systems, early warning, emergency planning and community engagement are critical for flood preparedness, adaptation and resilience and require further research and modeling techniques.

Purpose of ReviewForest roads, which are important for accessing and managing forest areas, are particularly vulnerable to damaging impacts of severe climatic events. Understanding how weather changes affect forest roads is important for their efficient management and to ensure their reliability in supporting forest products supply chains. This paper reviews research conducted on the impact of climate factors on forest roads over the past two decades. The aim of our study was to develop a conceptual framework to support adaptation and mitigation strategies in forest road network management, ensuring sustainable wood flow despite a changing climate.Recent FindingsThrough a review of scientific articles and their results, we provided insights and recommendations to increase the resiliency of forest road infrastructures against the effects of climate change. Framed within the principles of climate-smart forestry, this study also offers practical suggestions to maintain the efficiency and safety of wood transportation networks under changing weather conditions, supporting sustainable forest operations and climate adaptation.SummaryThis review highlights how changes in precipitation and temperature patterns caused by climate change can impact forest road infrastructure and wood transportation. Based on the analysis of the reviewed articles, we identified key consequences such as increased erosion, road deformation, and reduced frozen periods. The research provides dedicated actions to ensure sustainability of forest resources and their infrastructure. This review is a key step towards more resilient and adaptive forest road management practices, helping to reduce the impacts of climate change on forest transportation and ecological systems.

As an important crop, rural farmers mainly plant rice on small agricultural lands. The rice supply chain provides specific features in Agricultural Supply Chain due to high demand, product diversity, and wide production area. Therefore, it is one of the most significant policymaking challenges to make a balance between the demand of different members and stakeholders of the rice supply chain. The extant study presents a completely new mathematical bilevel model that government exists at its upper level, and wants to minimize the environmental damages of pesticides and fertilizers. Agriculture guilds are at the low level and aim to maximize production through multiple cropping to increase revenue. In addition to damages from pesticides and fertilizers, price, demand, permissible cultivation area, guaranteed purchase of government, and direct sales of farmers have also been mentioned in this case. The higher number of crops and more use of pesticides and fertilizers would lead to soil erosion and jeopardize people's food security in the long term. Moreover, governments are responsible to meet the market rice need, which is a consumable product. The proposed model has been analyzed and evaluated by a real sample in Iran, which comprises 6 main rice producers and 32 provinces. The results indicate that a 50% rise in the price of pesticides and fertilizers and a 30% reduction in permissible cultivation area cause 8.9% damage to the environment. Furthermore, a 50% increase in rice demand led to a 27% rise in government purchases from farmers.

Black carbon (BC) plays a vital role in Arctic warming.Extensiveinvestigations have been conducted to elucidate the source-receptorrelationships of BC between the Arctic and mid-/high-latitude sources.However, it is unclear to what extent source relocation under globalizationcould disturb Arctic BC contamination and climate forcing from anthropogenicBC emissions. Here, we show that the global supply chain (GSC) relocationfeatured by the southward shift of industries from high-latitude developedcountries to low-latitude developing countries markedly reduces theBC burden in the Arctic using a global chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem)and a multiregional input-output analysis (MRIO). We find thatArctic annual mean BC concentration associated with the GSC relocationdrops by similar to 15% from the case without the GSC relocation. Thetotal net BC level declines 7% over the entire Arctic and 16% in theEuropean Arctic. We also observed markedly declining BC depositionas well as direct and snow albedo radiative forcing in the Arctic.We show that the Arctic BC burden would be further reduced by decreasingBC emissions in China, attributable to its emission reduction andongoing shift of the GSC from China to southern and southeastern Asia. The global supply chain relocation fromhigh-latitude Europeto low mid-latitude Asian countries markedly reduces black carbonburden and snow albedo radiative forcing in the Arctic.

Environmental changes in response to global warming would conversely deplete the efficacy of our actions combating climate change, cultivating extra cost. Among them, the declining snow cover due to global warming would diminish its contribution to climate regulation, and further exacerbate global warming. This leads to a part of global carbon mitigation efforts acting virtually to neutralize the impact of snow cover reduction. It would have been otherwise saved to contribute to the goals of the Paris Agreement. In this respect, here we evaluate the economic impacts of snow cover reduction in the Northern Hemisphere in terms of the mitigation that virtually counteracts the loss of climate regulation pertinent to the snow cover reduction trend, to demonstrate the magnitude of the cascading costs of climate change. As different carbon mitigation approaches would lead to different economic impacts, we follow the general principles of the Paris Agreement and establish two responsibility-sharing scenarios. The results reveal the non-negligible global costs considering not only the impact incurred by the nations implementing carbon mitigation but also, in the context of globalization, the cascading effect magnified in the global supply chain. We also identify critical nations, sectors, and international trade pairs that would confront the most costs. The results urge hotspot nations and trade partners to actively participate in the enhanced global efforts through the Paris Agreement to reduce carbon emissions. This can not only mitigate its direct global warming effect, but also abate the impacts of collateral environmental deterioration, such as snow cover reduction, eventually for their own benefits. (c) 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.