Cadmium (Cd) contamination in soil poses a significant environmental threat, reducing crop yields and compromising food safety. This study investigates the potential of selenium nanoparticles (Se-NPs) synthesized using wheat extract to mitigate Cd toxicity, reduce Cd uptake and mobility, and recover grain nutrient composition in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). A pot experiment was conducted following a completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications. Treatments included control, four Se-NPs concentrations (10, 25, 50, and 100 ppm), four Cd stress levels (25, 50, 75, and 100 ppm), and their combined interactions. Various physiological, biochemical, and agronomic parameters were analyzed to assess the mitigation potential of Se-NPs against Cd toxicity in wheat. Se-NPs (36.77 nm) were characterized using FTIR, confirming functional groups for stabilization, XRD verifying crystallinity and size via the Scherrer Equation, SEM revealing spherical morphology, and EDX confirming selenium as the predominant element with minor trace elements. Under 50 ppm Cd stress, Se-NPs at 25 ppm reduced days to anthesis by 8.16 % and mitigated a 45.13 % decrease in plant height. Grain yield, which declined by 90.86 % under Cd stress, was restored by 90.86 % with 10 ppm Se-NPs. Additionally, Se-NPs improved thousand kernel weight by 32.71 %, counteracting a 25.92 % reduction due to Cd stress. Antioxidant enzyme activities, including SOD and CAT, increased by up to 333.79 % in roots with Se-NP treatment, while oxidative stress markers decreased by 28 %. Moreover, Se-NPs effectively mitigated Cd uptake and reduced its mobility within the plant. Grain protein content improved by 16.89 %, and carbohydrate levels were maintained at 4.61 % despite Cd exposure. These findings indicate that Se-NPs enhance crop resilience, supporting sustainable food production in Cd-contaminated environments.

Drought is a serious environmental challenge that reduces the productivity of valuable crops, including wheat. Brassinosteroids (BRs) is a group of phytohormones that have been used to enhance wheat drought tolerance. Wheat cultivars with different adaptation strategies could have their own specific drought tolerance mechanisms, and could react differently to treatment with growth regulators. In this work, the effect of seed pretreatment with 0.4 mu M 24-epibrassinolide (EBR) was investigated in two wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars contrasting in drought behavior, tolerant Ekada 70 (cv. E70) and sensitive Zauralskaya Zhemchuzhina (cv. ZZh), in early ontogenesis under dehydration (PEG-6000) or soil drought conditions. EBR pretreatment mitigated the stress-induced inhibition of seedling emergence and growth, as well as membrane damage in cv.E70 but not in ZZh. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) revealed substantial changes in hormonal balance associated with ABA accumulation and a drop in the levels of IAA and cytokinins (CKs) in drought-subjected seedlings of both cultivars, especially ZZh. EBR-pretreatment reduced drought-induced hormone imbalance in cv. E70, while it did not have the same effect on ZZh. EBR-induced changes in the content of wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) belonging to the protective proteins in E70 seedlings suggest its contribution to EBR-dependent adaptive responses. The absence of a detectable protective effect of EBR on the ZZh cultivar may be associated with its insensitivity to pre-sowing EBR treatment.

Background Vermicompost contains humic acids, nutrients, earthworm excretions, beneficial microbes, growth hormones, and enzymes, which help plants to tolerate a variety of abiotic stresses. Effective microorganisms (EM) include a wide range of microorganisms' e.g. photosynthetic bacteria, lactic acid bacteria, yeasts, actinomycetes, and fermenting fungi that can stimulate plant growth and improve soil fertility. To our knowledge, no study has yet investigated the possible role of vermicompost and EM dual application in enhancing plant tolerance to water scarcity. Methods Consequently, the current study investigated the effectiveness of vermicompost and EM in mitigating drought-induced changes in wheat. The experiment followed a completely randomized design with twelve treatments. The treatments included control, as well as individual and combined applications of vermicompost and EM at three different irrigation levels (100%, 70%, and 30% of field capacity). Results The findings demonstrated that the application of vermicompost and/or EM significantly improved wheat growth and productivity, as well as alleviated drought-induced oxidative damage with decreased the generation of superoxide anion radical and hydrogen peroxide. This was achieved by upregulating the activities of several antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione peroxidase, monodehydroascorbate reductase, dehydroascorbate reductase, and glutathione reductase. Vermicompost and/or EM treatments also enhanced the antioxidant defense system by increasing the content of antioxidant molecules such as ascorbate, glutathione, phenolic compounds, and flavonoids. Additionally, the overproduction of methylglyoxal in water-stressed treated plants was controlled by the enhanced activity of the glyoxalase system enzymes; glyoxalase I and glyoxalase II. The treated plants maintained higher water content related to the higher content of osmotic regulatory substances like soluble sugars, free amino acids, glycinebetaine, and proline. Conclusions Collectively, we offer the first report that identifies the underlying mechanism by which the dual application of vermicompost and EM confers drought tolerance in wheat by improving osmolyte accumulation and modulating antioxidant defense and glyoxalase systems.

By improving soil properties, cover crops can reduce wind erosion and sand damage to emerging cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) plants. However, on the Texas High Plains, questions regarding cover crop water use and management factors that affect cotton lint yield are common and limit conservation adoption by regional producers. Studies were conducted near Lamesa, TX, USA, in 2017-2020 to evaluate cover crop species selection, seeding rate, and termination timing on cover crop biomass production and cotton yield in conventional and no-tillage systems. The no-till systems included two cover crop species, rye (Secale cereale L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and were compared to a conventional tillage system. The cover crops were planted at two seeding rates, 34 and 68 kg ha(-1), and each plot was split into two termination timings: optimum, six to eight weeks prior to the planting of cotton, and late, which was two weeks after the optimum termination. Herbage mass was greater in the rye than the wheat cover crop in three of the four years tested, while the 68 kg ha(-1) seeding rate was greater than the low seeding rate in only one of four years for both rye and wheat. The later termination timing produced more herbage mass than the optimum in all four years. Treatments did not affect cotton plant populations and had a variable effect on yield. In general, cover crop biomass production did not reduce lint production compared to the conventional system.

Due to the large number of nuclear power plants around the globe and the growing threat of radioactive accidents, a complex assessment of the biological consequences of the Chornobyl disaster is a relevant issue. Study of mutagenic activity of prolonged and chronic action of radionuclide pollution of soil in the Chornobyl Exclusion Zone long after the accident will allow us to identify the current level of threat they pose to the human genome and can reveal specific cytogenic markers of radionuclide environmental pollution. For this purpose, we germinated seeds of wheat of soft winter varieties Smuhlianka and Bohdana in soil samples from the Chornobyl Exclusion Zone 35 years after the disaster. Specific activity of Cs-137 and Sr-90 accounted for 4.5- 28.2 kBq/kg. To determine the frequency and range of chromosomal aberrations, we used the anaphase-telophase method. In aberrant cells, we studied extracellular distribution of chromosomal disorders. The frequency of aberrant cells was 3.53-7.55 times above the spontaneous level. High mutagenic activity remained in the conditions of the lowest density of radionuclide pollution of soil. The range of chromosomal disorders mostly included paired fragments and bridges and containd chromosomal acentric rings, binding of chromosomes, myocardium, and lagging and leading chromosomes. Radionuclide pollution in the Chornobyl Exclusion Zone induced multiple cellular aberrations in the rhizome meristem, the share of which was the highest in case of low specific radionuclide pollution of soil, and exhibited a tendency towards decrease against the background of the highest density of radionuclides. Pollution of the environment with radionuclides as a result of disasters at nuclear energy objects poses a threat to the human genome and is a global problem, requiring state support to solve through systematic genetic monitoring in readionuclide-polluted territories and areas adjacent to them.

To uncover the regulatory metabolism of poly-glutamic acid (PGA) in protecting wheat crops against salt stress (SS) at the physiological level, we utilised hydroponic experiments to explore the roles of PGA in regulating the photosynthetic performance, water physiology, antioxidant metabolism and ion homeostasis of wheat seedlings exposed to SS for 10 days. The findings demonstrated that SS inhibited the photosynthetic performance of wheat seedlings. In contrast, different doses of PGA all improved the photosynthetic performance, especially for 0.3% PGA. Compared with SS, 0.3% PGA plus SS decreased nonphotochemical quenching (qN) by 26.3% and respectively increased photosynthetic rate (Pn), soil and plant analyser development (SPAD) value, maximum photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (PSII) (Fv/Fm), photochemical quenching (qP) and actual photochemical efficiency of PSII (Y(II)) by 54.0, 27.8, 34.6, 42.4 and 25.8%. For water metabolism, SS destroyed the water balance of wheat seedlings. In contrast, different doses of PGA enhanced water balance, especially for 0.3% PGA. Compared with SS, 0.3% PGA plus SS decreased leaf water saturation deficit (LWSD) by 35.5% and respectively increased leaf relative water content (LRWC), transpiration rate (Tr), stomatal conductance (gs) and the contents of soluble sugars (SSS) and proline (Pro) by 15.9, 94.7, 37.5, 44.6 and 62.3%. For antioxidant metabolism, SS induced the peroxide damage to wheat seedlings. In contrast, different doses of PGA all mitigated the SS-induced peroxide damage, especially for 0.3% PGA. Compared with SS, 0.3% PGA plus SS respectively decreased superoxide anion (O2-), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents and electrolyte leakage (EL) by 39.1, 29.6, 46.2 and 36.3%, and respectively increased superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), glutathione reductase (GR), dehydroascorbate reductases (DHAR) and monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR) activities, and antioxidants ascorbic acid (AsA) and glutathione (GSH) contents by 69.2, 49.2, 77.8, 80.6, 109.5, 121.7, 104.5, 63.8 and 39.6%. Besides, SS destroyed the ion homeostasis of wheat seedlings. In contrast, different doses of PGA all maintained ion homeostasis, especially for 0.3% PGA. Compared with SS, 0.3% PGA plus SS reduced Na+ content creasing K+/Na+, Ca2+/Na+ and Mg2+/Na+ ratios by 177.6, 209.4 and 244.8%. In the above ways, SS inhibited wheat height and biomass. In contrast, different doses of PGA all improved wheat height and biomass under SS, especially for 0.3% PGA. Compared with SS, 0.3% PGA plus SS, respectively, increased wheat height and biomass by 27.4% and 41.7%. In the above ways, PGA mitigated salt toxicity in wheat seedlings. The current findings implied that there