The estimation of the flow coefficient is a vital hydrological procedure that holds considerable importance in flood prediction, water resource management, and flood mitigation. The precise estimation of the flow coefficient is imperative in mitigating flood-related damages, administering flood alert mechanisms, and regulating water discharge. It is hard to accurately determine the flow coefficient without a good understanding of the river basin's hydrology, climate, topography, and soil characteristics. A range of methodologies have been documented in the most recent body of literature for flow coefficient modeling. The majority of these methods, however, depend on opaque techniques that lack generalizability. Therefore, this research employed three distinct methodologies-specifically, the Adaptive Neural Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS), the Simple Membership Function, and the Fuzzy Rules Generation Technique (SMRGT) are all examples of fuzzy inference systems, and Artificial Neural Network (ANN), to achieve its objectives. The Aksu River Basin in Antalya, Turkey, was chosen as the study area. The models underwent multiple permutations of precipitation (P), temperature (T), relative humidity (Rh), wind speed (Ws), land use (LU), and soil properties (Sp) data that were tailored to the particular study region. The study analyzed the results using various performance metrics of the model such as mean absolute error (MAE), Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient (NSE), root mean square error (RMSE), and correlation coefficient (R2). The results indicate that the SMRGT method resulted in a remarkable degree of accuracy in forecasting the flow coefficient, as demonstrated with the minimal RMSE and MAE values and high correlation coefficient values. The study's findings suggest that the SMRGT method was applied effectively in hydrological analysis to estimate the flow coefficient, contributing to more accurate flood prediction, water resource management, and flood mitigation strategies.

In response to the significant earthquakes that struck Turkey and Syria on February 6, 2023, a collaborative reconnaissance team, consisting of researchers and engineers from Japan and Turkey, was formed by the Japan Association for Earthquake Engineering, the Architectural Institute of Japan, the Japan Society of Civil Engineers, and the Japanese Geotechnical Society. This coalition conducted an in-depth on-site investigation from March 28 to April 2, two months after the catastrophic seismic events. In Islahiye, a landslide resulted in the formation of a landslide dam. Another landslide occurred in Tepehan on a relatively gentle slope formed of limestone, with possible correlations to fault movements. Iskenderun encountered not just building collapses on soft ground, but also instances of the tilting of buildings and ground subsidence attributed to the liquefaction of reclaimed coastal soil. Golbasi witnessed significant liquefaction-induced damage to structures with shallow foundations on soft ground, involving tilting and settling. However, a more comprehensive investigation is required to accurately map the extent of the liquefied soil layers. Antakya and Kahramanmaras emerged as regions where building damage coincided with surface ground vibrations. Despite severe building collapses, Antakya's relatively stable ground showed an average S-wave velocity exceeding AVS30 400 m/s. This suggests potential wave amplification due to underlying geological structures. Kahramanmaras displayed notable building damage concentrated in alluvial fan formations. (c) 2023 Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of The Japanese Geotechnical Society. This is an open access article under the CC BYNC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Background: Leptospirosis is a significant zoonotic infection caused by Leptospira spirochetes, which are distributed globally. Infection typically occurs through exposure to water or soil contaminated by the urine of mammals, including dogs, cattle, pigs, or rodents. Objectives: The objective of this study was to elucidate the epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory characteristics of leptospirosis cases in Turkey. Methods: In a retrospective review, we analyzed the clinical and laboratory data of all individuals under 18 years diagnosed with leptospirosis at a secondary care center in Southeast Turkey from the beginning of 2020 to the end of 2O22. Results: Over the two-year period, 36 confirmed cases of leptospirosis in individuals under 18 were identified. All patients had been engaged in activities at wells in cornfields, assisting their families with irrigation or related to well operations. Of these patients, 3 (8%) resided in urban areas, while 33 (92%) lived in rural settings. None required intensive care, and there were no fatalities reported. The most common symptoms at presentation were fatigue (83%), fever (75%), and nausea/vomiting (75%). Laboratory tests revealed that all patients had positive C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, with a significant portion (61%) showing Conclusions: In conclusion, leptospirosis should be considered by clinicians when evaluating patients, especially those with risk factors like occupational exposure. Prompt testing for the disease is advisable under these circumstances.

This study investigates the ground-motion analysis and local site effects in Kahramanmaras city during the 6 Feb 2023 Turkey-Syria earthquake sequence. The damage distribution was non-uniform, concentrated in an area with 8-10-story buildings on alluvial soil. Comparison between the recorded data and several ground-motion models examined in this study indicates that ground-motion models predict the spectral accelerations around 3 times less than what observed during the first event. Site response analyses are carried out for three sequential earthquakes with magnitudes greater than 6.5 occurred on 6th of February 2023. Deconvolution analysis shows that the peak ground acceleration of bedrock motions correlates with distance: 0.1 g farthest, 0.3 g nearest, and similar to 0.2 g intermediary stations in Kahramanmaras city. The results of convolution analysis indicate that the ground surface spectral acceleration of the first event is the dominant spectra compared to the second and third events for periods less than 4 s. The results of site response analysis show that the 10-story buildings tolerated a spectral acceleration upto 0.85 g which is similar to 1.8 times greater than what is recommended by the available national design spectrum (i.e., the 2007 Turkey seismic design code). This means that the recorded motions in Kahramanmaras city have return periods larger than the 475 years of the Turkish seismic design code.

On February 6th 2023 two major earthquakes struck southeast Turkey, M7.7 Kahramanmaras and M7.6 Elbistan, respectively. Unfortunately, due to the impact of these catastrophic events more than 50 000 casualties and 35 000 collapsed buildings have been reported since then. The aim of the study is to demonstrate preliminary site response analysis and assessment of re -liquefaction potential of sites which have been affected by the earthquakes - especially the cities of Iskenderun and Golbasi. Both site -specific areas have clear evidences of liquefaction and lateral spreading events which imply the focus of the presented paper. A series of geophysical MASW and microtremor tests have been performed in order to determine shear wave velocities up to depth of 30 m as well as the fundamental natural frequency of the soil deposits. Moreover, samples have been collected from sand and silt ejecta in order to evaluate some basic physical properties - grain -size curves, specific gravity and plasticity parameters. On the basis of the obtained data seismic classification of the investigated sites according to current design codes has been made and in-depth distance to relatively stiff layer has been assumed. For the sake of evaluating risk of re -liquefaction the widely -used simplified stress -based approach to triggering assessment has been adopted considering some rules of the thumb (e.g., sieve analysis and plasticity properties evaluation). Lastly, post -liquefaction reconsolidation settlement and lateral displacement have been determined in terms of future earthquakes.

Climate change is an acknowledged phenomenon. Even so, its consequences are not easily predictable. Lakes in Lakes Region of southwestern Turkey have been shrinking. Aksehir Lake, located on important bird migration routes, is one of those aforementioned lakes that has continually shrunk until completely drying up in 2008. This study aims to investigate the variation of meteorological and hydrological parameters during the shrinking and drying up of Lake Aksehir. Previous studies were mainly related with coastline changes of Aksehir Lake and attributed the changes to increased air temperatures and evaporation in conjunction with reduced precipitation and decreased surface flow. In this study, snow dynamics, both snow cover (SC) extent and duration besides snow water equivalent (SWE) are also investigated. Moreover, the inclusion of soil moisture (SM) data is additions to the current literature. SC, SWE and SM data obtained from satellite images recorded over the study area indicated that SC both in extent and duration was smallest during the 2008 winter-the same year in which the lake totally dried. SWE and SM values were also lowest during the study period. These were in agreement with the highest recorded air temperatures and reduced precipitation with respect to long-term averages over the study period. Recorded high evaporations above the long-term averages might have intensified recession which eventually resulted in drying of lake in 2008.