During drilling operations, cyclic loading is exerted on the wellbore wall by the vibrations of the drill string. This loading could lead to rock fatigue, which in turn might result in wellbore failure. In this study, numerical model is developed to simulate the effects of repeated loading on rock fatigue and failure. The simulation is based on an elasto-plastic constitutive model coupled with a damage mechanics approach, which allows us to examine the wellbore instability due to drill string vibrations. The model is verified with the existing data in the literature related to experiments on impact of a steel ball against a curved wall. The findings indicate that cyclic loading increases the development of plastic strain around the wellbore significantly compared to static conditions, promoting rock fatigue. Furthermore, the cyclic loading expands the radius of the yielded zone substantially, a critical factor for maintaining wellbore integrity. The proposed model can be used to evaluate the wellbore stability under repetitive loading caused by the drill string action. 2025 Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Published by Elsevier B.V. This an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/ 4.0/).