Bats are indispensable members of the natural world, supporting its delicate balance. Bats have vital roles in controlling insect populations and enhancing soil fertility. They also help in the harvesting and dispersal of seeds, pollination in plants, and nutrient recycling and distribution. However, through evolution over millions of years, they have also adapted their immune system so that they may carry numerous types of pathogens, the majority of which are viruses, without these pathogens having any serious ill effects on bats themselves. Their anatomical adaptation to flight and the reduced immune response to DNA damage during flight have also contributed to bats becoming reservoirs of deadly pathogenic diseases. This review discusses the different adaptations of bats with a special focus on the immune system that have helped them evolve as a reservoir for various viruses. The study also enumerates how the increase in global warming, the consequent changes in climatic conditions, habitat destruction, and bushmeat consumption increase the chances of an outbreak of novel zoonotic disease when humans come in contact with bats.

The European hare ( Lepus europaeus), ), commonly known as the gray hare, belongs to the Leporidae family. Widely distributed throughout Poland, it exhibits higher population density in the eastern regions. However, Europe has witnessed a significant decline in hare populations over the past 50 years, a trend also observed in most Polish areas. Contributing factors include intensified agriculture, habitat loss, urbanization, pollution (water, air, and soil), and climate change, all impacting population dynamics, including reproduction. Increased predation by foxes, raccoons, and birds of prey, along with poaching and hunting-related damage, further affect hare populations. Infectious and parasitic diseases play a crucial role in hare health, often leading to mortality. These animals constantly interact with various pathogens and vectors due to their natural environment. The objective of this study was to assess the health of the European hare population in the Lublin Upland based on macroscopic findings during autopsies. The research involved 85 hares from two hunting districts in the western part of the Lublin Upland. These animals were necropsied, and material was collected for laboratory tests. Macroscopic examinations revealed the presence of several diseases, including brucellosis (6 cases), rodentiosis (11 cases), tularemia (3 cases), echinococcosis (5 cases), and cysticercosis (11 cases). Most of these diseases are classified as dangerous zoonotic infections. The detection of multiple diseases underscores the gray hare's role as a reservoir in the natural environment. These confirmed diseases pose significant risks, often proving fatal for both hares and their predators. As a game species, European hares also pose a threat to hunters who handle infected animals. Moreover, meat from sick hares jeopardizes consumer health and safety. This research holds substantial importance for veterinary medicine and public health, aiding in early diagnosis and effective disease prevention strategies.