Using microbial cells for bioremediation requires evaluating suitable inoculation techniques and their effects. This study applied liquid and encapsulated in alginate beads inocula of A. vinelandii in agricultural soil to evaluate chlorpyrifos (CP) degradation and its impact on cytotoxic and genotoxic effects. Allium sativum cells and Eisenia foetida organisms were used as biomarkers for toxicological evaluations. Changes in the mitotic index and nuclear abnormalities in A. sativum cells were used for toxicity determinations. The percentage survival of E. foetida was calculated. Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography was used to detect CP. The initial CP concentration (250 mg/kg) decreased by 92% when inoculated with liquid A. vinelandi and by 82% with A. vinelandii encapsulated after 14 d. A 60% decrease in cytotoxic and genotoxic damage to A. sativum cells was detected in treatments inoculated with A. vinelandii. The survival rate of E. foetida was improved by 33% when inoculated with free A. vinelandii compared to contaminated soil. Encapsulation as an inoculation strategy extended the viability of A. vinelandii compared to free inoculation. Both free and encapsulated inocula of A. vinelandii effectively degrade CP in soil and decrease its toxic effects. This study contributed by identifying sustainable agricultural alternatives for the inoculation and bioremediation of agricultural soils.

Maintaining and enhancing soil stability for electrical pylon installation is very vital to provide an uninterrupted energy supply. Conventionally, the stability of soil is maintained using the chemical stabilization technique, which has its limitations, is not environmentally friendly, may not provide a stable soil condition in the longer term, is and prone to disruption. Therefore, in this work, a more sustainable approach is suggested where a biomediated technique where microbes from biological degradations of vegetables are used to integrate with polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastic waste as a soil stabilizer. The findings of the triaxial shear test showed that the treated soil enhanced the soil's resistance to shearing forces by 33% due to the bridging effect and soil interlocking. The combination of 20% of fermented vegetables grout liquid and 1% of PET has improved the soil's cohesion significantly. The slope stability test also proved that the PET additions could improve the factor of safety (FOS) up to 81.47% and exceed the minimum requirement of a stable design slope as compared to the untreated slope. The results proved the influence of the bio-mediated technique with different variations of PET addition is an effective method to improve the engineering properties of the slope.