Mexican rural communities suffer significant impacts on the health of their population due to the application of pesticides that contaminate local air, water, soil, and food. Prolonged exposure to these toxic substances affects the long-term health of the population, especially children, who are extremely vulnerable to damage to their physical and neurocognitive development. This problem is analyzed in the context of industrial and extractive agriculture, which focuses on monocultures for national and export markets within the framework of a lax and permissive behavior of the Mexican state that protects neither the health of workers nor the rights of children to a healthy life. This article presents the results of a case study in a rural locality in a region of intensive agriculture. Two urine samples were taken from 180 schoolchildren, ages 3-14, to analyze their exposure to pesticides in a mass chromatograph; the samples were supplemented with a survey of their families and an ethnographic study.