Reducing carbon emissions and increasing carbon sinks have become the core issues of the international community. Although coastal blue carbon ecosystems (such as mangroves, seagrass beds, coastal salt marshes and large algae) account for less than 0.5% of the seafloor area, they contain more than 50% of marine carbon reserves, occupying an important position in the global carbon cycle. However, with the rapid development of the economy and the continuous expansion of human activities, coastal wetlands have suffered serious damage, and their carbon sequestration capacity has been greatly limited. Ecological restoration has emerged as a key measure to reverse this trend. Through a series of measures, including restoring the hydrological conditions of damaged wetlands, cultivating suitable plant species, effectively managing invasive species and rebuilding habitats, ecological restoration is committed to restoring the ecological functions of wetlands and increasing their ecological service value. Therefore, this paper first reviews the research status and influencing factors of coastal wetland carbon sinks, discusses the objectives, types and measures of various coastal wetland ecological restoration projects, analyzes the impact of these ecological restoration projects on wetland carbon sink function, and proposes suggestions for incorporating carbon sink enhancement into wetland ecological restoration.

Coastal wetlands are extremely vulnerable to both marine damage and human activities. In order to protect these wetlands, many artificial seawalls have been constructed. However, studies are required to understand how coastal wetlands will evolve under the influence of artificial seawalls. Therefore, to understand this succession process of plants and their adaptation to habitats divided by seawalls, two different habitats inside and outside the seawalls were selected in Laizhou Bay, China. The results showed that there were 5 plant species outside the seawalls that were lower than the 13 species inside. Additionally, the dominant plant species were varied between the two habitats, with mostly annual herbs observed outside the seawalls and perennial shrubs inside. Soil salinity was higher outside the seawalls, which was the key impact factor of soil nutrient differences. The distribution of annual and perennial species may be constrained by spatial differences in soil stoichiometry. Therefore, the plants in coastal wetlands vary significantly at a small scale in response to the disturbance of artificial seawalls. The differences in soil and plants between the two habitats divided by the artificial seawalls provide a new insight for evaluating the artificial coastal projects. The only way to reduce the effects of seawalls on natural coastal wetland vegetation and ecosystem functions is to restore connectivity of tidal flow inside and outside the seawalls.

Glyphosate is a foliar herbicide detected in soil, sediment, and water, causing non -visible damage to non -target organisms, potentially affecting the diversity, structure, and functioning of microbial communities associated with riparian vegetation that provide ecosystem services. The objective of the present work was 1) to determine the viable counts of microorganisms and 2) to analyze how the enzymatic activities associated with the metabolism of carbon, phosphorus, and nitrogen are affected in the riparian plants' rhizosphere ( Fimbristylis dichotoma , Ludwigia octovalvis , and Typha domingensis ) exposed to glyphosate. The plants were collected with the same soil in which they lived to maintain the micro -habitat of the rhizosphere. Zero or fifty mg of glyphosate acid equivalent (ae)/L was applied to the plants at the ground level for 15 days. Actinomycetes, total bacteria (including actinomycetes), and fungi were then isolated and quantified, and the activity of 19 enzymes (metabolism of P, C, and N) were analyzed from rhizosphere samples. In the presence of the herbicide, it was found that 1) bacteria was most negatively affected compared to actinomycetes and fungi, and 2) microbial populations isolated from L. octovalvis were lesser than those from T. domingensis and F. dichotoma . Rhizosphere enzymatic activities showed that phosphorus and carbon metabolism were stimulated by glyphosate. The information obtained from this work allows us to identify the response of cultivable microbial diversity and functional diversity of the rhizosphere of ecologically important plants.

Part 1 of this review synthesizes recent research on status and climate vulnerability of freshwater and saltwater wetlands, and their contribution to addressing climate change (carbon cycle, adaptation, resilience). Peatlands and vegetated coastal wetlands are among the most carbon rich sinks on the planet sequestering approximately as much carbon as do global forest ecosystems. Estimates of the consequences of rising temperature on current wetland carbon storage and future carbon sequestration potential are summarized. We also demonstrate the need to prevent drying of wetlands and thawing of permafrost by disturbances and rising temperatures to protect wetland carbon stores and climate adaptation/resiliency ecosystem services. Preventing further wetland loss is found to be important in limiting future emissions to meet climate goals, but is seldom considered. In Part 2, the paper explores the policy and management realm from international to national, subnational and local levels to identify strategies and policies reflecting an integrated understanding of both wetland and climate change science. Specific recommendations are made to capture synergies between wetlands and carbon cycle management, adaptation and resiliency to further enable researchers, policy makers and practitioners to protect wetland carbon and climate adaptation/resiliency ecosystem services.