The productivity of tomato fruit on the western shore of Lake Abaya in Ethiopia was severely hindered by saline-sodic damage. This study aimed to assess the impact of applying gypsum and adopting soil mulching agricultural technology to improve the issues of salt-affected soil in the region. The treatments consisted of a control group (T1), mulching (T2), gypsum application (T3), and a combination of gypsum (half level) and mulching (T4). Application rates of gypsum and straw mulching were 14.5 and 15 tons/ha, respectively. The mean total seasonal crop water consumptions of tomatoes were 378 mm (non-mulching) and 333.02 mm (mulching). Straw mulching saved an average of 13.2% of soil water compared with non-mulching treatments. At the end of the growing season, exchangeable sodium percentage was decreased by 42.3% (T2), 38.1% (T3), and 43.8% (T4) compared with control T1. The pH levels at the experimental site experienced reductions of 15.1% (T2), 1.1% (T3), and 14% (T4) compared with T1. The soil electric conductivity of the soil at the end of the tomato growing period was decreased by 59.6% (T2), 19.2% (T3), and 46.2% (T4). The average land productivity of tomatoes in the current study was 14.9(c )tons/ha (T1), 16.2(b) tons/ha (T2), 15.0(c )tons/ha (T3), and 18.6a tons/ha (T4). The average water productivity of tomatoes in the current study was 5.5c kg/m(3) (T1), 7.2(b )kg/m(3) (T2), 6.5 (c) kg/m(3) (T3), and 7.8a kg/m(3) (T4). The benefit-cost ratios for T1, T2, T3, and T4 were 1.67, 2.2, 1.78, and 2.4, respectively. The optimal strategy for mitigating saline-sodic soil and ensuring sustainable tomato production involves applying gypsum at half the recommended level along with implementing straw mulching.

In recent years, dredging projects in rivers and lakes have generated large volumes of sludge that exhibit high water content and low permeability. This dredged sludge needs to be treated quickly to reduce its volume, thus reducing transportation costs and environmental impacts. Flocculation combined with electroosmotic vacuum preloading is a new technology for dewatering sludge. At present, the influence of flocculants on the electrokinetic properties of sludge has not been thoroughly studied, and composite forms of these have not been applied in electroosmotic vacuum precompression. Therefore, inorganic flocculant and organic flocculant were combined to form a composite flocculant, which was used in electroosmosis vacuum preloading to increase the water discharge effect of dredged sludge. Based on analyzing the mechanism of flocculants, two kinds of composite flocculants, PAC-APAM and FeCl3-APAM, were configured, and the optimal ratio of inorganic flocculant and organic flocculant in the composite flocculant was determined with a settling column test. The properties, including pore size distribution, electric conductivity, and electroosmotic permeability coefficient, of the sludge mixed with flocculants PAC, FeCl3, APAM, PAC-APAM, and FeCl3-APAM were analyzed by NMR tests and Miler Soil Box tests. In addition, a model test of electroosmotic vacuum preloading treatment of dredged sludge was conducted, and the influences of different types of flocculants on the surface settlement, water discharge, current, pore water pressure, and shear strength of the sludge were compared and analyzed. The results showed that the composite flocculants suggested in this study were able to increase the electroosmotic permeability coefficient of sludge more significantly than single-type flocculants. In situations where electroosmotic vacuum preloading combined with composite flocculants was used to treat sludge, water discharge, and consolidation settlement were larger, and the shear strength of the treated sludge was higher. Compared with FeCl3-APAM, PAC-APAM showed better performance in electroosmotic vacuum preloading.