This study evaluated the stabilization of dam sediment using a blended binder of eucalyptus wood ash (EWA) and cement for cost-effective and environmentally safe pavement material development. The sediment is classified as a sandy lean clay. EWA, a pozzolanic byproduct, was used as a partial cement replacement to enhance the material's geotechnical properties and reduce environmental impact. The optimized mixture showed a 12-fold increase in unconfined compressive strength (1.4 MPa) and a California bearing ratio of 70%, meeting Thailand Department of Highways' specifications for subbase and base layers. The microstructural analysis confirmed the formation of calcium silicate hydrates, improving durability and reducing weight loss by 30% under wetting-drying cycles. Leachate tests showed that heavy metal concentrations remained within regulatory limits. EWA also reduced costs by 2.6 times compared to conventional stabilization methods, highlighting its potential for pavement applications.

Red mud (RM) is a strongly alkaline waste residue produced during alumina production, and its high alkali and fine particle characteristics are prone to cause soil, water, and air pollution. Phosphogypsum (PG), as a by-product of the wet process phosphoric acid industry, poses a significant risk of fluorine leaching and threatens the ecological environment and human health due to its high fluorine content and strong acidic properties. In this study, RM-based cemented paste backfill (RCPB) based on the synergistic curing of PG and ordinary Portland cement (OPC) was proposed, aiming to achieve a synergistic enhancement of the material's mechanical properties and fluorine fixation efficacy by optimizing the slurry concentration (63-69%). Experimental results demonstrated that increasing slurry concentration significantly improved unconfined compressive strength (UCS). The 67% concentration group achieved a UCS of 3.60 MPa after 28 days, while the 63%, 65%, and 69% groups reached 2.50 MPa, 3.20 MPa, and 3.40 MPa, respectively. Fluoride leaching concentrations for all groups were below the Class I groundwater standard (<= 1.0 mg/L), with the 67% concentration exhibiting the lowest leaching value (0.6076 mg/L). The dual immobilization mechanism of fluoride ions was revealed by XRD, TGA, and SEM-EDS characterization: (1) Ca2(+) and F- to generate CaF2 precipitation; (2) hydration products (C-S-H gel and calixarenes) immobilized F- by physical adsorption and chemical bonding, where the alkaline component of the RM (Na2O) further promotes the formation of sodium hexafluoroaluminate (Na3AlF6) precipitation. The system pH stabilized at 9.0 +/- 0.3 after 28 days, mitigating alkalinity risks. High slurry concentrations (67-69%) reduced material porosity by 40-60%, enhancing mechanical performance. It was confirmed that the synergistic effect of RM and PG in the RCPB system could effectively neutralize the alkaline environment and optimize the hydration environment, and, at the same time, form CaF2 as well as complexes encapsulating and adsorbing fluoride ions, thus significantly reducing the risk of fluorine migration. The aim is to improve the mechanical properties of materials and the fluorine-fixing efficiency by optimizing the slurry concentration (63-69%). The results provide a theoretical basis for the efficient resource utilization of PG and RM and open up a new way for the development of environmentally friendly building materials.

This paper aims to solve the problem of erosion sediment that negatively affects the quality of fallowed soil through the development of a new type of agricultural machinery. The transported erosion sediment will be quantified locally to evaluate the danger of these negative effects on the fallowed soil and on the functionality of the grass cover. Subsequently, a new type of machinery will be proposed for the remediation of eroded sediment and conservation of the fallowed soil. In various fallow research areas with different management methods (such as biobelts, grassed valleys, and grassed waterways), agricultural land affected by eroded sediment was examined, and appropriate machinery was designed to rehabilitate the stands after erosion events. By identifying the physical and mechanical properties of the soil, as well as the eroded and deposited sediment/colluvium, the shape, material, attachment method, and assembly of the working tool for the relevant mobile energy device were designed. The developed tool, based on a plow-carry system using a tractor, features flexible tools that separate the eroded sediment from the fallow land surface, transfer it over a short distance, and accumulate it in a designated area to facilitate subsequent removal with minimal damage to the herbaceous vegetation. The calculated erosion event was 196.9 m3 (179.0 m3 ha-1), corresponding to 295 tons (268.5 t ha-1) deposited from the area of 90 ha. Afterward, the proposed machinery was evaluated for the cost of the removal of the eroded sediment. Based on experience from the field, we calculated that 174 m3 per engine hour results in EUR 0.22 m-3. From the performed experiment, it is evident that the proposed machinery offers a suitable solution for eroded sediment removal locally, which prevents further erosion and subsequent sediment deposition in water bodies where the costs for sediment removal are higher. Moreover, we have proven the potential negative impact of invasive plant species because their seeds were stored in the sediment. Finally, it is credible to state that the proposed agricultural machinery offers an effective solution for the eroded sediment relocation, which subsequently can be used for other purposes and monetized. This results in an increase in the profitability of the erosion sediment removal process, which is already in place at the source before further transportation to aquatic systems where the costs for removal are significantly higher.

This study explores the development of an environmentally friendly binder by integrating locally sourced port sediment from Dunkirk Port with waste paper fly ash (WPFA). The aim is to innovate construction materials with a reduced carbon footprint, without prioritizing high mechanical performance. The sediment was processed to achieve two levels of fineness, namely 10 microns and 2 microns, to increase its reactive potential. The formulation of the eco-binder involved a mixture of 75% port sediment and 25% WPFA. Findings indicate that optimal compressive strengths, reaching 14.8 MPa, were obtained in highly humid environments (> 95% R-H) at a temperature of 50 degrees C. It was observed that finer sediment particle size (2 microns) contributed to enhanced mechanical properties. Nonetheless, the sediment's pozzolanic activity is somewhat restricted at ambient temperatures, necessitating specific conditions for effective reactions. Environmental safety assessments confirm that the produced eco-binder meets the criteria set forth in the SETRA guidelines for sustainable use in construction. The leaching and release potential of WPFA after the development of the eco-binder was meticulously assessed using the four-phase sequential extraction method recommended by the Reference Bureau of the European Communities Commission (BCR). A marked change was observed in the speciation of trace metal elements, with a predominant transition from the soluble fraction to the carbonate fraction, attributed to the carbonation process. In conclusion, the marine sediment investigated shows promise as a sustainable construction material, provided that controlled temperature and humidity conditions are maintained to attain adequate mechanical strengths.

With the rapid advancement of industrial production, the substantial accumulation of industrial by-product gypsum containing high salinity, acidity/alkalinity, and heavy metals are currently causing widespread ecological damage on a global scale. Based on the different industrial production processes, industrial by-product gypsum can be divided into various types. This study summarized industrial by-product gypsum into eight types (flue gas desulphurization gypsum (FGDG), phosphogypsum (PG), titanium gypsum (TG), salt gypsum (SG), fluorgypsum (FG), nitro gypsum (NG), citric acid gypsum (CAG) and borogypsum (BG)). Subsequently, the chemical, physical properties and annual productivity associated with these eight types of industrial by-product gypsum was investigated. Next, a study about the industrial by-product gypsum's recycling and reusing was carried out in the realm of construction and building materials (building materials, filling materials and soil conditioners). Then, the influence of the type and content of industrial by-product gypsum on key properties indicators was conducted. Based on the different effects of varying contents of industrial by-product gypsum in construction and building materials, the industrial by-product gypsum with various contents was classified into three levels for sulfate activator, supplementary cementitious material, and primary component, respectively. Ultimately, the leaching property of industrial by-product gypsum was analyzed and its environmental safety was evaluated. Additionally, this study proposed a series of suggestions aimed at enhancing the efficient recycling and reusing of industrial by-product gypsum resources.

Russia's military aggression against Ukraine has led to the destruction of natural resources, ecosystems, and infrastructure. These actions have violated international principles of environmental safety. The hostilities have caused serious damage to nature reserves, wetlands, and soil. Air and water pollution have a transboundary effect. Russia's actions threaten future generations and the climate. That is why the creation of a mechanism to ensure environmental safety is an urgent problem for world civilization. Therefore, the aim of this study is to analyze the criminal responsibility for ecocide in the context of Russia's military aggression and identify the existing legislative problems in this area and ways to overcome them. The methodology of the study of ecocide and its connection with Russia's military aggression includes analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, dialectic, analytics, analogy, abstraction, and generalization. These methods help to reveal the essence of the problem, establish legal norms, and develop recommendations and priorities for regulating ecocide.

In small settlements, collectors for the sludge produced during water treatment processes are small-sized and located in the vicinity of drinking water storage reservoirs or in coastal areas. Sludge removal is not economical. Besides, the relief depressions formed after sludge disposal are required to be reclaimed. In ore mining regions, where the main settlements of the Urals are located, sludge produced in water treatment has high contents of heavy metals typical of ore mining provinces. Consequently, places of sludge accumulation are potential sources of water pollution. The article discusses the possibility to mix sludge with slaked lime and local overburden with the help of special equipment. So far water treatment sludge in the region has been used to reclaim the surface of solid waste landfills by creating anaerobic conditions for waste decomposition. When placed inside the embankment dams as an independent object, sludge needs to be improved for the increase of its bearing capacity and the ability to bind heavy metals. The article aims at the substantiation of the composition and properties of the reclamation material made of the water treatment sludge mixed with local overburden and slaked lime (technosoil). For this reason the paper describes the composition of the sludge in a sludge collector, the composition and properties of the overburden rocks as a component of the mixtures with water treatment sludge, the composition and properties of the mixtures of water treatment sludge with overburden rocks and Ca(OH) (2) as a component dewatering sludge and neutralizing toxicants. Furthermore, the research work provides the technology created for the optimal processing of the water treatment sludge in the process of the reclamation of a sludge collector. The research results and the experience obtained in reclamation of disturbed lands in the region have confirmed the possible use of technosoil for the reclamation of small-capacity sludge collectors. The analysis of the chemical composition and physical and mechanical properties of the mixtures under study has shown that the most economical and environmentally sound reclamation material is a mixture of water treatment sludge, loose overburden dump soils and Ca(OH) 2 in a ratio of 60 : 30 : 10 %.