The earthquake sequence that occurred on February 6, 2023, centered in T & uuml;rkiye caused extensive loss of life and significant damage. In this study, the geotechnical properties of the central districts of Malatya province, one of the provinces affected by these earthquakes, were calculated using data obtained. In the calculations, the correlations suggested by the Turkish Building Earthquake Code (TBEC) and internationally recommended correlations were used. Thus, the difference between the methods proposed by TBEC and internationally recommended correlations was interpreted. Using 1890 drilling data, 1765 seismic data, and 1764 microtremor data, calculations were made to determine bearing capacity values for 3 m x 3 m pad foundation, liquefaction potentials of the soil and soil classifications around this region. The results obtained from the calculations were mapped with geographical information systems-based software. Results of the study revealed that 2.9% of the study area in Battalgazi district and 1.71% for Ye & scedil;ilyurt district had liquefaction potential. Almost 80% of each district was found to have a soil class of ZD (medium dense gravel and sand or clay layers) according to TBEC. The findings of the study were compared with previous studies, satellite images of the study area and post-earthquake observations. In areas where damage caused by the earthquake sequence was observed intensively, bearing capacity values were relatively low. It was concluded that building on poor soil conditions poses a profoundly serious risk in terms of earthquakes and very serious precautions should be taken by gathering several disciplines during the construction of these structures.

Parameters such as the bearing capacity of the soil and liquefaction potentials are of vital importance, as can be seen in the Kahramanmara & scedil;-centered earthquakes that occurred on February 6, 2023. At this point, the bearing capacity and liquefaction potentials of the Do & gbreve;an & scedil;ehir district of Malatya province, which has experienced many devastations both historically and recently, were investigated with the micro zonation investigation reports obtained from Malatya Metropolitan Municipality. The correlations recommended by the international literature and Turkish Building Earthquake Code were used and the results were mapped with a package program working with Geographical Information Systems. In addition, the groundwater level, seismic parameters and soil classifications of the study area were determined and then mapped. Liquefaction potentials were observed throughout the study area, including the central settlement of Do & gbreve;an & scedil;ehir, and this potential was observed even at a depth of 12 m in some areas. It was also found that the bearing capacity values of the central settlement were lower than the other regions. Finally, post-earthquake damages were interpreted based on the maps created within the scope of the study. It was understood that such studies are of vital importance for earthquake-prone regions before and after earthquakes.

Seismic movements have varying effects on structures based on characteristics of local site. During an earthquake, weak soils are susceptible to damage due to amplified wave amplitudes. Soil -structure interaction issue has garnered increased attention in T & uuml;rkiye, after devastating earthquakes in Kocaeli G & ouml;lc & uuml;k (1999), Izmir (2020), Kahramanmara Pazarc & imath;k and Elbistan (2023). Consequently, liquefaction potential has been investigated in detail for different regions of T & uuml;rkiye, mainly with available field test results. & Ccedil;ank & imath;r & imath;, a city located close to North Anatolian Fault, is mainly built on alluvium, which is prone to liquefaction. However, no study on liquefaction hazard has been conducted thus far. In this study, groundwater level map, SPT map, and liquefaction risk map have been generated using Geographical Information System (GIS) for the Bu & gbreve;day Pazar & imath; District of & Ccedil;ank & imath;r & imath; province. Site investigations studies previously performed for 47 parcels (76 boreholes) were used within the scope of this study. The liquefaction assessment was conducted using Seed and Idriss's (1971) simplified method and the visualization of areas susceptible to liquefaction risk has been accomplished. The results of this study have been compared with the City Council's precautionary map which is currently in use. As a result of this study, it is recommended that minimum depth of boreholes in the region should be at least 30m and adequate number of laboratory tests particularly in liquefiable areas should be performed. Another important recommendation for the region is that detailed investigation should be performed by local authorities since findings of this study differ from currently used precautionary map.

A GIS-bascd distributed-parameter runoff simulation model for the Struma River Basin in southwestern Bulgaria calculates die monthly snow/rain proportion, direct or surface runoff, snow cover and snowmelt, soil moisture, evapotranspiration, and total runoff. Simulation during the Bulgarian hydrologic year from November to October was compared with observed runoff data. The model closely replicates mean monthly runoff from climate conditions during the years 1961-1990 as well as specific years. The simplified GIS model simulates hydrologic processes under limited data availability.