Microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs), formed through the degradation of larger plastic materials, are emerging pollutants of significant concern. While their impact on aquatic ecosystems is well documented, their effects on terrestrial, especially farm animals remain underexplored. This review assesses the potential threats of MPs and NPs to Bangladesh's livestock sector by analyzing the results of experimental models and environmental studies. In Bangladesh, MPs and NPs have been detected in agricultural soils, air, water bodies, and aquatic organisms, indicating possible entry into animal systems through contaminated feed, water, and inhalation. Once internalized, these particles may trigger oxidative stress, inflammation, and tissue damage, impairing vital biological systems. Documented health consequences include reduced fertility, hematotoxicity, gut microbiota imbalance, gut-brain axis disruption, skeletal disorders, and metabolic dysfunction. Additionally, MPs and NPs can induce genomic changes, including altered gene expression and DNA hypomethylation, intensifying physiological damage and reducing productivity. Therefore, managing plastic contamination is vital in protecting animal health, ensuring food safety, and preserving human well-being around the globe, especially in vulnerable regions like Bangladesh. Given the critical role of livestock and poultry in ensuring food security and public health, the findings highlight an urgent need for comprehensive research and mitigation strategies.

BackgroundThis review provides an overview of how antibiotic residues are found in the environment and affect livestock, thereby shedding light on the physiological mechanisms of their toxicity.ObjectiveWe aimed to emphasize the need for improved antibiotic management in agricultural practices to mitigate environmental contamination and reduce risks to livestock. Understanding the mechanisms by which antibiotic residues exert toxic effects is critical to the development of sustainable solutions.ResultsAntibiotic residues in the environment are a growing concern because of their widespread use in livestock farming and persistence in ecosystems. This review examines the pathways by which antibiotics enter soil, water, and sediments, primarily through manure application, wastewater discharge, and direct excretion by animals. Once in the environment, these residues affect soil quality, water systems, and animal health, posing risks, such as toxicity, disruption of microbial communities, and physiological harm to livestock. Persistent antibiotics, including fluoroquinolones and tetracyclines, accumulate in animal tissues and alter metabolism, leading to adverse effects, such as joint damage and impaired growth. In addition, these residues can degrade into toxic metabolites, further affecting livestock health and the environment.ConclusionCollectively, these findings suggest that future research may be required to prioritize strategies to mitigate environmental contamination by antibiotics and explore alternatives to reduce exposure in livestock production.

Biocrust has many ecological roles and the potential for land restoration. Major obstacles to biocrust inoculation in degraded areas are the low physical stability of soil and the frequent wet-dry cycle. Microbially induced carbonate precipitation (MICP) technology, a sand fixation technique, can increase soil stability and decrease soil evaporation. However, it is unclear what the ecological influence of MICP treatment is under the harsh environmental stress. We hypothesized that MICP-treated soil could support biocrust establishment by moderating soil disturbance and improving water retention to mitigate frequent wet-dry cycles. To verify this hypothesis, we prepared cyanobacterial biocrusts (Oscillatoria tenuis) on bare soil and on MICP-treated soil (Sporosarcina pasteurii) and cultivated them for 40 days under high- and low-frequency rainfall. We also simulated disturbance at zero, half, or equal (0, 75, and 150 kJ) the intensity of field conditions during the cultivation. Generalized linear modeling revealed that cyanobacterial biocrust with MICP treatment had high wind erosion resistance but had low indicators of biocrust growth. We also found that MICP treatment facilitated the reduction in chlorophyll content by frequent rainfall and that MICP treatment and physical disturbance had no clear interacting effects on biocrust properties. In summary, our study found MICP treatment could hinder rather than support the cyanobacterial biocrust establishment under the frequent watering and heavy disturbance. Our finding suggests that the appropriate combination of rehabilitation techniques depends on the environmental characteristics of the target area.

Biochar is a solid substance with a charcoal-like appearances. It is highly flammable and is made from the burning of agricultural and forest-based organic wastes by various controlled processes like pyrolysis. Biochar is rich in carbon and storage of the same in soil is highly recommended to ease off climate change by sequestration of carbon along with enhancing agricultural yield and production of energy. According to the World Health Organization, one of the biggest threats to human life in the present century is livestock water contamination. Among different contaminants, microbial contamination is responsible for several harmful diseases many of which are fatal. The current disinfectant methods are quite useful but they produce harmful by-products which can cause more hazards to human health. Magnetic biochar which is a modification of normal biochar is a green, facile, and cost-effective bacteriocide that has immense antimicrobial potential against water-borne pathogens. Magnetic biochar in conjugation with quaternary phosphonium salt produces Magnetic Biochar-Quaternary phosphonium salt [MBQ], which is a further modification of magnetic biochar that holds much better antimicrobial properties than biochar or magnetic biochar. It can successfully undergo inhibition of water-borne pathogens like Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. MBQ can disrupt the bacterial membrane and induce oxidative damage inside the bacteria, causing their inactivation and inhibition. MBQ also shows biocidal effects. In this review, we will discuss biochar, its properties, various methods of synthesis of biochar, different methods of modification of biochar, antimicrobial and antibacterial properties of biochar, magnetic biochar, and MBQ. Synthesis, Characterization, and antimicrobial properties of MBQ against waterborne microorganisms are also discussed in detail.

Biochar (B) has low nutrient content and is recalcitrant to biodegradation. Supplementing B with a fast-releasing nutrient source may improve soil fertility and physical conditions and increase crop productivity. A three-season field study was conducted on sandy loam and sandy clay loam textured soils to investigate the effect of B mixed with livestock manure (LM) on soil properties (pH, organic carbon (OC), cation exchange capacity (CEC), total Nitrogen (TN), available Phosphorus (Avail P)), and French bean yield (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in Rwanda. The study used a factorial randomized block design with four replications. Treatments comprised three levels of B (0, 1, and 3 t/ha) and three levels of LM (0, 1, and 3 t/ha). Biochar was used from S. sesban, G. sepium, A. angustissima, Eucalyptus, and Grevillea sp., prepared using a drum kiln, while LM was prepared using the pit method. The Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), Tukey (HSD) function at p < 0.05, and linear mixed-effects model were performed in R software version 4.3.3 (R Core Team, 2024). The analysis showed that the treated plots significantly increased French bean yield compared to the control plots, with the highest value found in plots treated with 3 t/ha. The combined plots showed an increased yield compared to sole Biochar or manure. The seasonal increase has been observed, with percentage increases recorded as follows: 16%, 33.56%, 173.06% in sole B plots; 40.28%, 14.43%, and 11.76% in sole LM plots and 125%, 156%, and 209.8% in B + LM plots for season 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Furthermore, the results indicated that the application of B alone or combined with LM significantly enhanced soil pH, OC, TN, avail P, and CEC with the pH ranging from 6.77 to 5.43 for B alone, 6.7-5.35 for LM alone, 8.53-6.06 for B-LM plots, and 4.34-3.78 for control plots. Applying Biochar, either alone or in combination with LM, at a low rate demonstrated positive effects on French bean yield and soil nutrients in smallholder farmers. This study encourages using natural materials such as B and LM to improve soil fertility and increase vegetable production while reducing chemical fertilizers that can cause pollution and damage the environment.

World population growth is causing an increase in the demand for food of animal origin, including ruminant meat and milk. But this need is confronted by an ideology rejecting this sector because it considers its food to be in direct competition with the resources destined for human consumption while contributing to the degradation of soils and natural spaces. Faced with this situation, it is urgent to look for new sources that can partly supply some components of the ration, while providing an added value to the final product (meat/milk). The consumption of insect meal, duly processed and under strict regulations that ensure its safety, emerges as a possibility that could be extended to cattle, sheep and goats. In this revision, we intend to offer the latest studies regarding European legislation, the allowed insects, and all those studies carried out in vivo and in vitro in these species. All of them show that, although the quality of insect meal depends on the species and rearing method, its introduction as a supplement in the ration, does not cause any damage in ruminal dynamics or production and can be a profitable and environmentally friendly solution.

Grasshopper disasters threaten grassland animal husbandry, and overgrazing is widely recognized as one of the main causes of locust infestation in grassland regions. However, the impact of overgrazing on grasshopper disasters remains unclear. To address this knowledge gap, this study interviewed 541 households living in locust-prone areas in Inner Mongolia, China. The generalized Poisson model and OLS regression examined the relationship between herders' production behavior and locust disasters. The results showed that 42% of the herders had suffered from locusts more than three times over the past 15 years, with an average of 49 ha of grassland damaged per household. In addition, with the increase in grazing rates, the scale of locust disasters decreased before it increased. The results also showed that operating grassland areas and feeding forage reduced locust disasters significantly, while renting grassland areas and grazing rates worked oppositely. These results suggest that grazing intensity can make a significant difference in the occurrence of locust disasters.

Volcanic eruptions have varied and complex impacts on small-scale livestock farming located in volcanic hazard -prone areas due to diverse stock, rearing, and feeding practices. The study was aimed to clarify the critical factors for designing forage recovery and sustainable livestock production in highrisk -prone areas of active volcanic mountains. A total of seventy-five ruminant livestock farmers located in the eruption -impacted areas of five active volcanoes were surveyed on flock size, rearing, and feeding practices. They were interviewed about their experiences of the eruption's impact on the animals, forage feed, and livestock mitigation regarding survival efforts. Forage plants and soil samples were collected to analyze dry matter and crude nutrient composition and estimate the botanical composition, biomass production, and carrying capacity. Results showed that there were five species of ruminant animals reared in small flock size (< 7 heads/farm): beef cattle, buffalo, horses, goat, and sheep. Beef cattle and goats were the most popular farm animals raised in different breeds, rearing, and feeding systems. The volcanic eruption caused animal loss and health problems due to exposure to volcanic materials, forage damages, and animal mitigation constraints, resulting in flock size decrease and economic loss. The impact of the eruption on farm animals and forage plants varied among the volcanoes due to diverse eruptive characteristics, stock breed, rearing, and feeding practices. Livestock farming recovery post -eruption depended largely on the survival flock and the regrowth of forage plants. In conclusion, sustainable beef cattle farming in volcanic hazard -prone areas might be realized by effective livestock mitigation efforts, selecting appropriate types of animals and rearing/feeding systems based on agroecological conditions, and improving forage capacity and survival rate during and posteruption.

Wetland area and condition are declining globally despite their importance to climate change mitigation and biodiversity. Introduced ungulate species are contributing to the global decline. Their impacts on wetlands are widespread and varied, however poorly understood. We summarise global impacts of introduced unmanaged and domesticated ungulates on wetlands highlighting potential outcomes of their removal. We place an emphasis on Australia due to the disproportionate impacts of ungulates on wetlands and potential for emerging carbon and biodiversity markets to incentivise private investment in wetland conservation and restoration. Our Systematic Literature Review assessed impacts of cattle, pigs, horses, deer, buffalo, sheep, camels, and other ungulates on wetlands. There were 372 relevant resources from 35 countries, with highest representation from Australia and the United States. The majority related to cattle (29 %) and pigs (19 %). More impacts were reported in freshwater wetlands (51 %) than marine (19 %). A quarter of studies related to riparian habitats. Ungulate impacts varied geographically and among climates. More studies reported soil damage, weed dispersal, decreased vegetation cover, and woody vegetation suppression than neutral or positive changes in these metrics. Decreases in richness and abundance of native flora and fauna were more frequently reported than increases. Of 33 studies reporting wetland carbon impacts, 24 reported increased CO2 emissions due to loss of soil carbon or vegetation biomass. Ungulate exclusion from wetlands could enhance carbon stocks and biodiversity, however further studies comparing wetland typologies and carbon dynamics are needed to quantify levels of enhancement given differences in ungulate species and environments.

Soils and occupation layers of dwellings and livestock pens located in the western part of the Crimean peninsula were investigated employing methods of archaeoparasitology and soil microbiology. The studies were carried out at several sites, namely, Tyumen-3, Tyumen-7 and Bagai-1. Eggs of two types of helmints, presumably, Dicrocoeliidae and Trichuridae families, were identified in the selected samples. Trematodes of the Dicrocoeliidae family cause dicroceliosis, which is a parasitic disease, predominantly, of sheep, cattle, horses, pigs, etc. This trematode can be dangerous for humans. Trichuridae are roundworms which, depending on species, infest the intestine of humans, sheep, dogs, pigs, etc. Depending on severity of disease, the invasion of this helmint in humans and animals can be characterized by both asymptomatic disease course and clinical manifestations caused by damage to the colon mucosa, intoxication of the organism by excreta, etc. Close correlation between the incidence rate of the Trichuridae family eggs and urease enzyme activity and CFU counts for thermophilic bacteria was found. A high incidence rate of whipworms and increased values of the aforementioned microbiological indicators are linked with conservation conditions of the occupation layer. High incidence of eggs of the trematodes of the Dicrocoeliidae families was found to closely correlate with larger numbers of CFU for saprotrophic bacteria and keratinolytic fungi, this genus of helmints was identified in equal qualities both in livestock pens and dwellings. Hence, this study was the first to prove that such livestock diseases as dicroceliosis and trichocephalosis probably were common in the Late Bronze Age.