BackgroundCadmium (Cd) is one of the most important stress factors in plants, with its high mobility in soils, ease of uptake by plants and toxicity at low concentrations. Aluminum (Al) is another phytotoxic metal, the accumulation of which is a crucial agricultural complication for plants, especially in acidic soils. Methods and resultsIn this study, Bryophyllum daigremontianum clone plantlets were obtained from bulbiferous spurs of a mother plant and separated into four different groups and watered with Hoagland solution and mixtures containing 0, 50, 100, and 200 mu M of AlCl3 and CdCl2 each for 75 days. Control groups were maintained under the same conditions without Al and Cd treatment. To simulate acidic soil conditions typical of environments where Al toxicity is prevalent, the soil pH was adjusted to 4.5 by spraying the sulphuric acid (0.2%) with 2-day intervals after each irrigation day. After harvesting, growth parameters such as shoot length and thickness, root, shoot and leaf fresh and dry weights were measured, along with physiological parameters like mineral nutrient status, total protein, and photosynthetic pigment concentrations (chlorophyll a, b, a/b, total chlorophyll, and carotenoid) in both control and experimental groups of B. daigremontianum clones. In response to Al and Cd applications, the plant height, shoot thickness and carotenoid levels were declined, whereas the increments were found in leaf/shoot/root fresh weight, root dry weight, and total protein content. Moreover, differences in genomic alterations were investigated using 21 ISSR and 19 RAPD markers, which both have been used extensively as genetic markers to specify phylogenetic relationships among different cultivars as well as stress-dependent genetic alterations. RAPD primers were used due to their arbitrary sequences and the unknown genome sequence of the plant material used. In contrast, ISSR primers were preferred for a genome-wide genotoxic effect scan via non-arbitrary and more common genetic markers. Distinct types of band polymorphisms detected via RAPD and ISSR markers include band loss, and new band formation under a combination of Al and Cd stress. 17 ISSR and 14 RAPD primers generated clear electrophoretic bands. ConclusionThe study revealed that combined application of Al and Cd affect B. daigremontianum clones in terms of growth, physiology and genotoxicity related to the increasing concentrations.

Bacterial wilt (BW) is a soil-borne disease that leads to severe damage in tomato. Host resistance against BW is considered polygenic and effective in controlling this destructive disease. In this study, genomic selection (GS), which is a promising breeding strategy to improve quantitative traits, was investigated for BW resistance. Two tomato collections, TGC1 (n = 162) and TGC2 (n = 191), were used as training populations. Disease severity was assessed using three seedling assays in each population, and the best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP) values were obtained. The 31,142 SNP data were generated using the 51K Axiom array (TM) in the training populations. With these data, six GS models were trained to predict genomic estimated breeding values (GEBVs) in three populations (TGC1, TGC2, and combined). The parametric models Bayesian LASSO and RR-BLUP resulted in higher levels of prediction accuracy compared with all the non-parametric models (RKHS, SVM, and random forest) in two training populations. To identify low-density markers, two subsets of 1,557 SNPs were filtered based on marker effects (Bayesian LASSO) and variable importance values (random forest) in the combined population. An additional subset was generated using 1,357 SNPs from a genome-wide association study. These subsets showed prediction accuracies of 0.699 to 0.756 in Bayesian LASSO and 0.670 to 0.682 in random forest, which were higher relative to the 31,142 SNPs (0.625 and 0.614). Moreover, high prediction accuracies (0.743 and 0.702) were found with a common set of 135 SNPs derived from the three subsets. The resulting low-density SNPs will be useful to develop a cost-effective GS strategy for BW resistance in tomato breeding programs.

Water-soluble brown carbon (BrC) plays an important role in climate change by influencing aerosol radiative forcing. There is little information on aerosol BrC over the South China Sea (SCS). In this study, water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) in a round-year set of aerosol samples from a remote island in the northern SCS were characterized for optical properties. In-depth information about the sources and input pathways of water-soluble BrC was obtained using molecular markers and statistic tools. The highest WSOC concentrations, light absorption coefficients at 365 nm (Abs(365)) and mass absorption efficiencies at 365 nm (MAE(365)) were observed in winter when atmospheric outflow from mainland China and the northern Indo-China Peninsula prevailed. Through the year, primary emissions from biomass burning and urban secondary organic aerosols (SOA) & waste combustion, respectively, were observed to be associated with higher MAE(365) (2.47 +/- 0.40 m(2) g(-1) and 1.97 +/- 0.22 m(2) g(-1)) and to be the main contributors to Abs(365) (22.0 +/- 3.6% and 31.6 +/- 3.6%), while biogenic SOA showed little contribution. For the first time, microorganism/plankton primary emissions, mainly from the sea, was identified to be an important contributor to water-soluble BrC (13.6 +/- 4.2% of Abs(365), MAE(365): 0.98 +/- 0.30 m(2) g(-1)), especially in spring (31% of Abs(365)). This implies that emissions from microorganism/plankton warrants careful consideration in the assessment of global aerosol light absorbance.