The development of soil structure, characterized by fractal geometry, improves plant-rooting development and improves water retention, drainage, and air permeability. However, due to this function to increase fertility, excessive intensive cultivation contributes to environmental load. The amount of nitrogen in rivers in agricultural watersheds is significantly related to the surplus nitrogen in the watershed, and since the nitrogen load increases with the increase in the crop field proportion, it is important to manage the surplus nitrogen in crop field. On the other hand, since wetlands have reduced the surplus nitrogen in the watershed through the purification of nitrate nitrogen in river water, it is possible to reduce the environmental load by optimizing land use. Replacing a part of chemical fertilizer application with organic fertilizer application increased soil organic carbon and contribute to the prevention of global warming without reducing crop yield. In Japanese grasslands, the annual application of 3.5tC ha-1 of compost offset greenhouse gas emissions. Furthermore, the continuous use of compost mitigated soil acidification and suppressed N2O emissions. I investigated the impact of greenhouse gas emissions associated with agricultural development on permafrost and peat soils, which are the world's soil carbon reservoirs. In eastern Siberia, disturbance of taiga forests caused permafrost melting and increased CH4 emissions. Drainage of peatland reduced CH4 emissions, but increased CO2 and N2O emissions due to peat decomposition, which was exacerbated by the application of chemical fertilizers. It was essential to keep the groundwater level at -20 cm to -40 cm to suppress greenhouse gas emissions. Environmental load means that soil health is being damaged. It is necessary to develop agricultural techniques to maintain and restore soil health. In particular, organic matter management can restore soil structure by increasing soil organic matter, and also reduce the amount of chemical fertilizer used, which has the effect of reducing greenhouse gas emissions. On the other hand, excessive continuous use of organic fertilizer can increase nitrogen loads. It has been pointed out that the relationship between cover crops and tillage is also important for organic matter management. Regional research is increasingly essential.

Reducing the size of clinoptilolite accentuates its structural attributes, notably mesoporosity and the silicaaluminum ratio, which enhanced its capabilities as an efficient adsorbent and modifier. This research aims to utilize the augmented small -size effect of clinoptilolite to develop a high-performance nano-clinoptilolite based nitrogen (N) fertilizer, to substitute an equivalent amount of urea. To this end, a two-year field experiment was conducted using a single -factor randomized complete block design, involving five different nanoclinoptilolite based N fertilizer mixed with urea (ZN) ratios: control treatment (100% Urea, CK); 20% Z & 80% Urea (Z2N8); 30% Z & 70% Urea (Z3N7); 40% Z & 60% Urea (Z4N6); 50% Z & 50% Urea (Z5N5). This study explored the effects of ZN on ammonia volatilization (AV), N runoff loss, N accumulation, N balance, yield, and ecological benefits in paddy fields. The results showed that Z2N8, Z3N7, Z4N6, and Z5N5 reduced the total AV losses by 8.57%, 20.52%, 30.20%, and 37.13% (two-year average), and reduced runoff losses by 23.29%, 29.93%, 39.66%, and 43.76%, respectively. Additionally, Z2N8, Z3N7, Z4N6, and Z5N5 increased whole -plant N accumulation by 24.32%, 16.84%, 9.00%, 4.85%, and raised rice yield by 15.28%, 10.28%, 6.99%, 5.05%, respectively. This result indicates that ZN can enhance N utilization, although the effectiveness diminishes with an increased application ratio. Furthermore, Z2N8, Z3N7, and Z4N6 lowered N surpluses by 48.77%, 25.84%, and 3.17%, respectively, while Z5N5 resulted in an increase in N surplus by 9.61% relative to the control. Compared to CK, nano-clinoptilolite based N fertilizer replacing 20% of urea (Z2N8) increased income by 14.75%, reduced environmental damage cost by 8.77%, and ultimately boosted net economic benefits by 5.33% and net economic and ecological benefits by 5.75%. In conclusion, Z2N8 can be contemplated as a compound fertilizer to be applied to farmland to enhance both economic and ecological benefits.