This study reviews the available and published knowledge of the interactions between permafrost and groundwater. In its content, the paper focuses mainly on groundwater recharge and discharge in the Arctic and the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The study revealed that the geochemical composition of groundwater is site-specific and varies significantly within the depth of the aquifers reflecting the water-rock interactions and related geological history. All reviewed studies clearly indicated that the permafrost thaw causes an increase in groundwater discharge on land. Furthermore, progressing climate warming is likely to accelerate permafrost degradation and thus enhance hydrological connectivity due to increased subpermafrost groundwater flow through talik channels and higher suprapermafrost groundwater flow. In the case of submarine groundwater discharge (SGD), permafrost thaw can either reinforce or reduce SGD, depending on how much pressure changes affecting the aquifers will be caused by the loss of permafrost. Finally, this comprehensive assessment allowed also for identifying the lack of long-term and interdisciplinary in situ measurements that could be used in sophisticated computational simulations characterizing the current status and predicting groundwater flow and permafrost dynamics in the future warmer climate.

Alpine regions' groundwater is crucial to the worldwide hydrological cycle. However, due to the harsh environmental conditions, the distribution and evolution characteristics await clarification. The study area was selected to be the Nagqu River Basin in the Nu-Salween River's source region. In 2019-2021, we gathered 88,000 monitoring data from nine observation wells and examined the spatiotemporal groundwater table changes in various permafrost zones and freeze- thaw cycles. During the freezing period, entirely frozen period, thawing period, and entirely thawed period, the groundwater table change rates in the permafrost zone were 2.14, 1.54, 1.55, and 2.01 times larger than in the seasonal frost zone, and fluctuation amplitudes were 1.97, 1.28, 1.01 and 1.31 times larger. The average groundwater table change rate and fluctuation amplitude were greatest during the entirely thawed period and lowest during the thawing period, with the maximum change rate reaching 3.64 cm/d during the entirely thawed period of 2019-2020 in the permafrost zone and the minimum change rate of 0.12 cm/d during the thawing period of 2019-2020 in the seasonal frost zone.

The altitude effect of isotopes in precipitation is not as significant on the leeward side of a mountain as it is on the windward side, which makes it difficult to use isotopes at leeward sites, especially if estimating elevation of groundwater recharge or reconstructing paleoelevations. Samples of precipitation were taken at three stations with different elevations-2,306-3,243 m above mean sea level (asl)-on the leeward side of the Meili Snow Mountains on the southeastern Tibetan Plateau from August 2017 to July 2018. The isotope vs. altitude gradients were calculated based on two adjacent stations at the daily, monthly, and annual scales. Most of the gradients are beyond the global ranges of -0.5 to -0.1 parts per thousand per 100 m for delta O-18 and -5 to -1 parts per thousand per 100 m for delta H-2, and some of the gradients are even positive. Local processes of sub-cloud evaporation and mixing with recycled moisture are identified for the ambiguous altitude effect, while regional atmospheric circulation processes dominate the major patterns of stable isotope variation at the three stations. The groundwater recharge elevation is estimated to be in a very large range, 2,562-6,321 m asl, which could be caused by the differences in isotope vs. altitude gradient in the studied catchments. Considering the complex atmospheric processes affecting precipitation isotopes, sampling of event-based/monthly precipitation at more than two altitudes for at least one complete hydrological year is a minimum requirement to establish a reasonable isotope vs. altitude gradient.

Groundwater recharge is poorly understood beneath the glacier due to the complex sampling conditions, although it is sensitive to the global change. Here we carried out the sampling and isotopic analysis on groundwater, ice-melt water, river, and precipitation through a hydrological year at the lowest glacier of Mingyong in Hengduan Mountains, Southeastern Tibetan Plateau. The precipitation during the monsoon seasons (P-m) are more depleted in heavy isotopes than precipitation during the nonmonsoon seasons (P-nm) due to the influence of monsoon. The ice-melt water and groundwater points are both found located left above the local meteoric water line (delta H-2 = 8.0 delta O-18 + 8.0) and form lines of delta H-2 = 6.3 delta O-18 - 10.0 and delta H-2 = 4.2 delta O-18 - 37.6, respectively. However, their mean isotopic values are both larger than the weighted annual mean of precipitation isotopes. All of the phenomena above points to the occurring of refreezing process after excluding the evaporation process. A theoretical model is built to confirm the refreezing process that causes the lower slope of ice-melt water line. The groundwater line is explained as a mixing line with ice-melt water and precipitation with contributions of 46 +/- 22% and 54 +/- 22%, respectively. For the precipitation contribution, we propose a plausible conceptual model that groundwater comes primarily from P-nm (41 +/- 17%), and minor from P-m (13 +/- 17%). In this context, it is equivalent to 87 +/- 28% groundwater recharged by P-nm because the glacier is mainly accumulated from P-nm. The findings highlight the importance of the P-nm recharging groundwater even in the monsoon-affected glacial regions.

Thawing permafrost on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP) has great impacts on the local hydrological process by way of causing ground ice to thaw. Until now there is little knowledge on ground ice hydrology near permafrost table under a warming climate. This study applied stable tracers (isotopes and chloride) and hydrograph separation model to quantify the sources of ground ice near permafrost table in continuous permafrost regions of the central QTP. The results indicated that the ground ice near permafrost table was mainly supplied by active layer water and permafrost water, accounting for 58.9 to 87.0% and 13.0 to 41.1%, respectively, which implying that the active layer was the dominant source. The contribution rates from the active layer to the ground ice in alpine meadow (59 to 69%) was less than that in alpine steppe (70 to 87%). It showed well-developed hydrogeochemical depth gradients, presenting depleted isotopes and positive chemical gradients with depth within the soil layer. The effects of evaporation and freeze-out fractionation on the soil water and ground ice were evident. The results provide additional insights into ground ice sources and cycling near permafrost table in permafrost terrain, and would be helpful for improving process-based detailed hydrologic models under the occurring global warming. (C) 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Many lakes in northern high latitudes have undergone substantial changes in surface area over the last four decades, possibly as a result of climate warming. In the discontinuous permafrost of Yukon Flats, interior Alaska (USA), these changes have been non-uniform across adjacent watersheds, suggesting local controls on lake water budgets. Mechanisms that could explain the decreasing mass of one lake in Yukon Flats since the early 1980s, Twelvemile Lake, are identified via a scoping analysis that considers plausible changes in snowmelt mass and infiltration, permafrost distribution, and climate warming. Because predicted changes in evaporation (2 cmyr(-1)) are inadequate to explain the observed 17.5 cmyr(-1) reduction in mass balance, other mechanisms are required. The most important potential mechanisms are found to involve: (1) changes in shallow, lateral groundwater flow to the lake possibly facilitated by vertical freeze-thaw migration of the permafrost table in gravel; (2) increased loss of lake water as downward groundwater flow through an open talik to a permeable subpermafrost flowpath; and (3) reduced snow meltwater inputs due to decreased snowpack mass and increased infiltration of snowmelt into, and subsequent evaporation from, fine-grained sediment mantling the permafrost-free lake basin.

The potential impacts of climate change on northern groundwater supplies were examined at a fractured-marble mountain aquifer near Nome, Alaska. Well water surface elevations (WSE) were monitored from 2004-2009 and analyzed with local meteorological data. Future aquifer response was simulated with the Pan-Arctic Water Balance Model (PWBM) using forcings (air temperature and precipitation) derived from fifthgeneration European Centre Hamburg Model (ECHAM5) global circulation model climate scenarios for extreme and modest increases in greenhouse gases. We observed changes in WSE due to the onset of spring snowmelt, low intensity and high intensity rainfall events, and aquifer head recession during the winter freeze period. Observed WSE and snow depth compared well with PWBM-simulated groundwater recharge and snow storage. Using ECHAM5-simulated increases in mean annual temperature of 4-8 degrees C by 2099, the PWBM predicted that by 2099 later freeze-up and earlier snowmelt will decrease seasonal snow cover by one to two months. Annual evapotranspiration and precipitation are predicted to increase 27-40% (55-81 mm) and 33-42% (81-102 mm), respectively, with the proportion of snowfall in annual precipitation decreasing on average 9-25% (p < 0.05). The amount of snowmelt is not predicted to change significantly by 2099; however, a decreasing trend is evident from 2060 in the extreme ECHAM5 greenhouse gas scenario. Increases in effective precipitation were predicted to be great enough to sustain sufficient groundwater recharge.