Bio-inspired probes have emerged as a promising solution for in-situ site characterisation, particularly in challenging terrains and extraterrestrial exploration. This study presents a viable and computationally efficient Material Point Method (MPM) framework for studying Bio-Inspired Cone Pressuremeter (BICP) probe mechanism. With its inherent advantage of particle and continuum frameworks, MPM allows seamless simulation of multi-staged BICP probe propulsion that involves large deformation. A novel implementation strategy was developed for this study to simulate the complex movement of the BICP probe in three sequential stages, including penetration, pressuremeter module expansion, and tip advancement. Sensitivity analysis was conducted to achieve an objective solution and determine the optimum mesh size and mass scaling factor for the BICP probe within the realms of current state-of-the-art MPM formulation. Furthermore, investigations were performed on the established MPM framework to study the influence of probe geometry, material state, and layered soil strata. The findings reveal that in probes with longer pressuremeter modules, larger zone of stress relaxation was observed around the cone tip during module expansion stage than their shorter or double-module counterparts. Meanwhile, the BICP probe's response during all stages in different material states corroborates its sensitivity to the soil's mechanical properties. Although the layered strata significantly influenced the BICP probe's response during the penetration and module expansion stages, it had minimal impact during the tip advancement stage.

This paper seeks to promote use of shear wave velocity (Vs) measurements in UK clays as a complement to more standard ground investigation techniques. Vs measurements seem to be repeatable and independent of the method of measurement used in isotropic soil conditions - for example, soft clays. However, in glacial tills, and especially in the overconsolidated clays of south-east UK, Vs measurements will differ depending on the direction of propagation and polarisation of the shear waves due to natural stress anisotropy and the fissured nature of the materials. Correlations between Vs and other in situ data and with a variety of soil properties can be very powerful and some have been proposed here for UK clays. However, these correlations should ideally be local and only applied to other soils and areas with great caution. Other uses of the techniques, beyond those of classical dynamic analyses, have been described together with some future challenges. Uncertainties in the methods have been well researched and several methods have been proposed to deal with these uncertainties. Nonetheless, advice from a geophysical colleague will enhance the geotechnical engineers' use of Vs data.